{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T05:18:05Z","timestamp":1772083085250,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,16]],"date-time":"2012-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1326672000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2724,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["accpjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmacotherapy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Atomoxetine is the first nonstimulant drug approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of attention\u2010deficit\u2013hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and the only agent approved by the FDA for the treatment of ADHD in adults. Atomoxetine is a norepinephrine transport inhibitor that acts almost exclusively on the noradrenergic pathway. Its mechanism of action in the control and maintenance of ADHD symptoms is thought to be through the highly specific presynaptic inhibition of norepinephrine. Clinical trials to evaluate the short\u2010term effects of atomoxetine in children and adults have shown that atomoxetine is effective in maintaining control of ADHD. Likewise, long\u2010term trials have determined that atomoxetine is effective in preventing relapse of ADHD symptoms without an increase in adverse effects. A comparative trial of atomoxetine with methylphenidate in school\u2010aged children indicated similar safety and efficacy without the abuse liability associated with some psychostimulants. The most commonly reported adverse effects in children and adolescents are dyspepsia, nausea, vomiting, decreased appetite, and weight loss. The rates of adverse events in the trials were similar for both the once\u2010 and twice\u2010daily dosing regimens. The discontinuation rate was 3.5% in patients treated with atomoxetine versus 1.4% for placebo and appeared to be dose dependent, with a higher percentage of discontinuation at dosages greater than 1.5 mg\/kg\/day. In clinical trials involving adults, the emergence of clinically significant or intolerable adverse events was low. The most common adverse events in adults were dry mouth, insomnia, nausea, decreased appetite, constipation, urinary retention or difficulties with micturition, erectile disturbance, dysmenorrhea, dizziness, and decreased libido. Sexual dysfunction occurred in approximately 2% of patients treated with atomoxetine. Atomoxetine should be used with caution in patients who have hypertension or any significant cardiovascular disorder. Overall, atomoxetine therapy in patients with ADHD appears to be effective in controlling symptoms and maintaining remission, with the advantages being comparable efficacy with that of methylphenidate, a favorable safety profile, and non\u2013controlled substance status. Additional long\u2010term studies are needed to determine its continued efficacy for those who require lifelong treatment, and comparative trials against other stimulant and nonstimulant agents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.24.11.1020.36146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,23]],"date-time":"2004-07-23T06:20:35Z","timestamp":1090563635000},"page":"1020-1036","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":81,"title":["Atomoxetine, a Novel Treatment for Attention\u2010Deficit\u2014Hyperactivity Disorder"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Alisa K.","family":"Christman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joli D.","family":"Fermo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John S.","family":"Markowitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890423349"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05770.x"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","first-page":"3","article-title":"Overview and neurobiology of attention\u2010deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"63","author":"Spencer TJ","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-199508000-00006"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","first-page":"10","article-title":"Major life activity and health outcomes associated with attention\u2010deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"63","author":"Barkley RA","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.5.693"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","first-page":"29","article-title":"Management of ADHD in adults","volume":"63","author":"Adler LA","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","first-page":"16","article-title":"Novel treatments for attention\u2010deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in children","volume":"63","author":"Spencer TJ","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s007870070019"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.10193"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","first-page":"184","article-title":"Venlafaxine in adults with attention\u2010deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: an open clinical trial","volume":"57","author":"Findling RL","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.2.282"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700025332"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(02)00346-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-5846(85)90006-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","unstructured":"Eli Lilly and Company.Strattera (atomoxetine) package insert. 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