{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T19:52:29Z","timestamp":1761162749007,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,16]],"date-time":"2012-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1326672000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2481,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["accpjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmacotherapy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Osteoporosis is a major public health burden. The most devastating outcome of osteoporosis is fracture, which results in increased morbidity and mortality. These fractures most often occur in the vertebrae and indicate an increased risk of future vertebral and hip fractures. Consequently, it is important to identify patients at risk for fracture and to intervene with pharmacologic therapies, lifestyle changes, or both to reduce the frequency of the first or subsequent fracture. Moreover, because osteoporosis is a chronic condition requiring long\u2010term therapy, factors that increase compliance and improve safety and efficacy outcomes should be considered when treatment is selected. The bisphosphonates alendronate and risedronate can substantially reduce the risk of both hip and vertebral fractures. Furthermore, these agents are available in once\u2010weekly formulations that provide patients with a convenient alternative to a daily dosage regimen. Alendronate and the selective estrogen\u2010receptor modulator raloxifene provide considerable vertebral fracture protection after 1 year of treatment, and risedronate markedly reduces the rate of vertebral and nonvertebral fractures after 6 months of treatment. Data suggest that calcitonin\u2010salmon nasal spray also reduces the risk of vertebral, but not nonvertebral, fractures. Raloxifene decreases the risk of nonvertebral fracture, but only in women with severe prevalent vertebral fractures. Although evidence supports the efficacy of hormone therapy, the risks should be carefully considered before treatment is begun. In addition to the antiresorptive therapies, teriparatide is a daily injectable anabolic treatment that is effective in reducing the risk of vertebral and nonvertebral fractures. Therefore, clinicians and patients have several options for reducing the risk of fracture and achieving optimal dosing convenience.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.25.4.574.61031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,13]],"date-time":"2005-06-13T05:52:19Z","timestamp":1118641939000},"page":"574-584","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Treatment of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Greenblatt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","first-page":"15","volume-title":"America's bone health: the state of osteoporosis and low bone mass in our nation","author":"National Osteoporosis Foundation.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(97)90022-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s001980070075"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)09075-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.188.139"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/110241500750008808"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650070902"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.3.320"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis: report of a WHO study group","volume":"843","author":"World Health Organization.","year":"1994","journal-title":"World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser"},{"volume-title":"Physician's guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis","year":"2003","author":"National Osteoporosis Foundation.","key":"e_1_2_1_11_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2002.17.12.2222"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","first-page":"S155","article-title":"A large proportion of fractures in postmenopausal women occur with baseline bone mineral density T\u2010score \u22122.5 [abstr]","volume":"16","author":"Wainwright S","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-114-11-919"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1999.14.5.821"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","first-page":"CD000333","article-title":"Exercise for preventing and treating osteoporosis in postmenopausal women","volume":"3","author":"Bonaiuti D","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2001-7002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2001-8002"},{"volume-title":"Actonel (risedronate sodium tablets) prescribing information","year":"2003","author":"Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals.","key":"e_1_2_1_19_2"},{"volume-title":"Fosamax (alendronate sodium) tablets and oral solution prescribing information","year":"2004","author":"Merck & Co., Inc.","key":"e_1_2_1_20_2"},{"volume-title":"Evista (raloxifene HCl) prescribing information","year":"2002","author":"Eli Lilly and Company.","key":"e_1_2_1_21_2"},{"volume-title":"Miacalcin (calcitonin\u2010salmon) nasal spray prescribing information","year":"2003","author":"Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp.","key":"e_1_2_1_22_2"},{"volume-title":"Forteo (teriparatide [rDNA origin] injection) prescribing information","year":"2002","author":"Eli Lilly and Company.","key":"e_1_2_1_23_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(01)01124-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2002.17.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_2","first-page":"S203","article-title":"BMD change explains only a fraction of the observed fracture risk reduction in risedronate\u2010treated patients [abstr]","volume":"11","author":"Watts N","year":"2000","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-002-2104-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-002-1345-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1C246"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.14.1344"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s001980050010"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(02)00946-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-003-0042-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200102013440503"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)07088-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.280.24.2077"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.85.11.6953"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00004171"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.7.637"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.162.10.1140"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.13.1729"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(00)00490-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200105103441904"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.14.1701"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2001-9002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1359\/JBMR.040325"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_2","first-page":"CD003376","article-title":"Etidronate for treating and preventing postmenopausal osteoporosis","volume":"4","author":"Cranney A","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa030897"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199511303332201"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.85.9.3109"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03339822"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2002.17.11.1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(03)00008-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2001-2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_2","first-page":"51","article-title":"The clinical tolerability profile of alendronate","volume":"101","author":"Watts N","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Clin Prac"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199610033351403"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1185\/030079903125003125"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-004-0286-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s001980200061"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-020400"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2001-3002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-002-2011-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-003-1401-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1185\/030079904125003566"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4065\/77.3.262"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_2","first-page":"CD004523","article-title":"Risedronate for the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis","volume":"4","author":"Cranney A","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa011807"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.3.321"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.20.2663"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.20.2651"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.20.2673"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.18.2212"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.163.7.789"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2001-5002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.20.2668"},{"volume-title":"Premarin (conjugated estrogens tablets, USP) prescribing information","year":"2004","author":"Wyeth.","key":"e_1_2_1_76_2"},{"volume-title":"Prempro (conjugated estrogens\/medroxyprogesterone acetate tablets) and Premphase (conjugated estrogens\/medroxyprogesterone acetate tablets) full prescribing information","year":"2003","author":"Wyeth.","key":"e_1_2_1_77_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_78_2","article-title":"Does the USPSTF recommend hormone replacement therapy for women after menopause?","author":"U.S. Preventive Services Task Force.","year":"2003","journal-title":"U.S. Preventive Services Task Force"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_79_2","unstructured":"American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.ACOG statement on the NIH announcement to halt estrogen\u2010only arm of the WHI study. Available fromhttp:www.acog.orgfrom_homepublicationspress_releasesnr030204.cfm. AccessedMarch 25 2004."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.gme.0000102909.93629.8b"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(03)00241-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3609","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.8.8750","article-title":"Efficacy of raloxifene on vertebral fracture risk reduction in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: four\u2010year results from a randomized clinical trial","volume":"87","author":"Delmas PD","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.GME.0000119981.77837.1F"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2001-4002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.7.847"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2001-6002"}],"container-title":["Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1592%2Fphco.25.4.574.61031","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/accpjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1592\/phco.25.4.574.61031","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T17:05:52Z","timestamp":1761066352000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/accpjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1592\/phco.25.4.574.61031"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,4]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1592\/phco.25.4.574.61031"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1592\/phco.25.4.574.61031","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0277-0008","1875-9114"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0277-0008"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1875-9114"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2012-01-16","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}