{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T18:07:45Z","timestamp":1791396465617,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":145,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,16]],"date-time":"2012-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1326672000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2451,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["accpjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmacotherapy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Gemifloxacin is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antimicrobial agent exhibiting potent activity against most gram\u2010negative and gram\u2010positive organisms, such as the important community\u2010acquired respiratory pathogens\n                    <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    (including multidrug\u2010resistant\n                    <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    ),\n                    <jats:italic>Haemophilus influenzae<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Moraxella catarrhalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The agent's mechanism of action involves dual targeting of two essential bacterial enzymes: DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. Gemifloxacin was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in April 2003 for treatment of community\u2010acquired pneumonia and acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. The drug has an oral bioavailability of approximately 71%. Approximately 20\u201335% of gemifloxacin is excreted unchanged in the urine after 24 hours. The elimination half\u2010life of gemifloxacin is 6\u20138 hours in patients with normal renal function, supporting once\u2010daily dosing. The 24\u2010hour free\u2010drug area under the plasma concentration\u2014time curve:minimum inhibitory concentration ratio (\n                    <jats:italic>f<\/jats:italic>\n                    AUC\n                    <jats:sub>0\u201324<\/jats:sub>\n                    :MIC) associated with efficacy, based on results from in vitro and animal models of infection, is approximately 30. With a mean\n                    <jats:italic>f<\/jats:italic>\n                    AUC\n                    <jats:sub>0\u201324<\/jats:sub>\n                    of approximately 3 \u03bcg\u00b7hour\/ml (35% of total AUC\n                    <jats:sub>0\u201324<\/jats:sub>\n                    of 8.4) and a median\n                    <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    MIC for 90% of tested strains of 0.03, a\n                    <jats:italic>f<\/jats:italic>\n                    AUC\n                    <jats:sub>0\u201324<\/jats:sub>\n                    :MIC ratio of 100 would be expected after standard dosing (320 mg once\/day). In clinical studies involving both hospitalized and outpatient populations, gemifloxacin has been highly effective in the treatment of community\u2010acquired pneumonia and acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. Clinical success rates ranged from 93.9\u201395.9% in patients with community\u2010acquired pneumonia and 96.1\u201397.5% in those with acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. Gemifloxacin is well tolerated; the frequency of adverse events with this agent is low. Most adverse events are mild\u2010to\u2010moderate in severity, with diarrhea (&lt; 4%), nausea and rash (&lt; 3%), and headache (&lt; 2%) most commonly reported. Drug interactions with gemifloxacin are not common, although absorption is greatly reduced when given with divalent and trivalent cation\u2010containing compounds, such as antacids. Due to its potent activity against many common gram\u2010positive and gram\u2010negative respiratory pathogens, its proven clinical efficacy, and its favorable safety profile, gemifloxacin is a highly effective empiric treatment for community\u2010acquired lower respiratory tract infections.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.25.5.717.63583","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,14]],"date-time":"2005-06-14T04:43:46Z","timestamp":1118724226000},"page":"717-740","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Gemifloxacin for the Treatment of Respiratory Tract Infections: In Vitro Susceptibility, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Clinical Efficacy, and Safety"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Sujata M.","family":"Bhavnani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David R.","family":"Andes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","volume-title":"Factive (gemifloxacin) package insert","author":"Oscient Pharmaceuticals Corporation.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jm970202e"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-827X(01)01017-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","volume-title":"Data on file","author":"Oscient Pharmaceuticals Corporation.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012059517-4\/50003-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.42.27668"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.41.6.1396"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.41.9.1973"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0691.2003.00482.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.33.6.886"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.34.6.1271"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.35.8.1647"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2252","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.10.2252","article-title":"ParC subunit of DNA topoisomerase IV of Streptococcus pneumoniae is a primary target of quinolones and cooperates with DNA gyrase A subunit in forming resistance phenotype","volume":"40","author":"Munoz R","year":"1996","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.41.2.471"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jac.a020889"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.42.11.2810"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.43.5.1129"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.43.2.410"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/45.suppl_3.101"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.44.11.3112-3117.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.2.413-419.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.1.274-282.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/340400"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/45.suppl_3.95"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.43.8.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/107662903764736300"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2998","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.43.12.2998","article-title":"Activity of gemifloxacin against penicillin\u2010 and ciprofloxacin\u2010resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae displaying topoisomerase\u2010 and efflux\u2010mediated resistance mechanisms","volume":"43","author":"Heaton VJ","year":"1999","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.41.1.204","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity and spectrum of LB20304, a novel fluoronaphthyridone","volume":"41","author":"Cormican MG","year":"1997","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/44.5.679"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/45.suppl_3.13"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jac.a020888"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/45.suppl_3.23"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/45.suppl_3.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0732-8893(00)00124-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0732-8893(01)00241-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(01)00431-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0732-8893(03)00002-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0732-8893(98)00104-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(00)00173-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.44.2.304-310.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.44.11.3008-3011.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.44.3.633-639.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0732-8893(03)00016-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/45.suppl_3.41"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/45.suppl_3.29"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2806","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.43.11.2806","article-title":"In vitro activities of gemifloxacin (SB 265805, LB20304) against recent clinical isolates of Chlamydia pneumoniae","volume":"43","author":"Roblin PM","year":"1999","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_2","volume-title":"Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing: document M100\u2010S15","author":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_2","first-page":"31","article-title":"The new macrolides: azithromycin and clarithromycin","volume":"160","author":"Kanatani MS","year":"1994","journal-title":"Western J Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4065\/74.6.613"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_1_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.6.1564","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo evaluations of LB20304, a new fluoronaphthyridone","volume":"40","author":"Oh JI","year":"1996","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2579","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.43.11.2579","article-title":"Activities of fluoroquinolones against Streptococcus pneumoniae type II topoisomerases purified as recombinant proteins","volume":"43","author":"Morrissey I","year":"1999","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkg321"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.44.6.1604-1608.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.2.540-545.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/47.4.431"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.12.3524-3530.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(00)00181-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.6.1876-1878.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/516284"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Antimicrobial pharmacodynamics in theory and clinical practice","author":"Craig WA.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/514624"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.37.5.1073"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/40.suppl_1.45"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.279.2.125"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.10.2793-2797.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.31.7.1054"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.37.3.483"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_2","unstructured":"CraigWA AndesD.Correlation of the magnitude of the AUC\/MIC for 6 fluoroquinolones againstStreptococcus pneumoniaewith survival and bactericidal activity in an animal model. Presented at the 40th interscience conference on antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy Toronto ON September 1720 2000."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/11.3.233"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000048551"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.10.2916-2921.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(00)00226-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.3.927-931.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0732-8893(01)00264-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(02)00131-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkf022"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.3.1096-1100.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.43.3.672","article-title":"Pharmacodynamic comparisons of levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and ampicillin against Streptococcus pneumoniae in an in vitro model of infection","volume":"43","author":"Lacy MA","year":"1999","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/43.1.79"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/47.6.811"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_82_2","unstructured":"AndesD CraigWA.In vivo pharmacodynamic activity of gemifloxacin against multiple bacterial pathogens. Presented at the 39th interscience conference on antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy San Francisco CA September 2629 1999."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.6.1665-1670.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_84_2","unstructured":"AndesDR CraigWA.In vivo pharmacodynamic activity of sitafloxacin against multiple bacterial pathogens.Presented at the 39th interscience conference on antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy San Francisco CA September 2629 1999."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(02)00022-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_86_2","first-page":"179","article-title":"Comparative dose\u2010effect relations at several dosing intervals for \u03b2\u2010lactam, aminoglycoside and quinolone antibiotics against gram\u2010negative bacilli in murine thigh\u2010infection and pneumonitis models","volume":"74","author":"Leggett JE","year":"1990","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/159.2.281"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_88_2","unstructured":"AndesD CraigWA.Pharmacodynamics of gemifloxacin against quinolone\u2010resistant strains ofStreptococcus pneumoniaewith known resistance mechanisms. Presented at the 39th interscience conference on antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy San Francisco CA September 2629 1999."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.12.3935-3941.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_90_2","unstructured":"KiemS CraigWA.Why do neutrophils markedly reduce the 24\u2010h AUC\/MIC required for efficacy of fluoroquinolones againstStreptococcus pneumoniae.Presented at the 42nd interscience conference on antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy San Diego CA September 2730 2002."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5520(03)00061-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jac.a020890"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_93_2","volume-title":"Tequin (gatifloxacin) package insert","author":"Bristol\u2010Myers Squibb Company.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_94_2","volume-title":"Avelox (moxifloxacin) package insert","author":"Bayer Pharmaceuticals Corporation.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_95_2","volume-title":"Levaquin (levofloxacin) package insert","author":"Ortho\u2010McNeil Pharmaceutical, Inc.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.1.292-296.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_97_2","unstructured":"OwensRCJr AmbrosePGMinimum efficacy and mutation prevention exposure target attainment rates againstS. pneumoniaefor standard\u2010dose levofloxacin (500 mg) and high\u2010dose levofloxacin (750 mg) and moxifloxacin. Presented at the 40th annual meeting of the Infectious Diseases Society of America Chicago IL October 2427 2002."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_98_2","unstructured":"DrusanoG GrantE.Utility of the 750 mg dose of levofloxacin againstStreptococcus pneumoniaeas assessed by Monte Carlo simulation and expectation over a large MIC distribution. Presented at the 14th European congress of clinical microbiology and infectious diseases Prague Czech Republic May 14 2004."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2004.08.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200316814"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(01)00359-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/48.1.67"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-2918(02)85139-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-2918(02)80088-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/rmed.2003.1435"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2004.03.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2004.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000007245"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(00)00187-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000007244"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000007241"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000007243"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000007242"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_114_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000007246"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_115_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2004.02.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_116_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/019262339702500615"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_117_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002040050009"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_118_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199409153311116"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_119_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199501193320319"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_120_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1990.tb01819.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_121_2","first-page":"404","article-title":"Phototoxic potential of the new quinolone antibacterial agent levofloxacin in mice","volume":"42","author":"Wagai N.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arzneimittelforschung"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_122_2","unstructured":"BirdN LewisA MontagueT BygateE DixonR.Assessment of the effect of gemifloxacin on QTc interval in healthy volunteers. Presented at the 40th interscience conference on antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy Toronto ON September 1720 2000."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_123_2","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration.Drug approval package. Available fromwww.fda.govcderfoinda200321158_factive.htm clinical review part 2 pages 70\u201375. AccessedNovember 3 2004."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_124_2","first-page":"419","article-title":"Fluoroquinolone safety profiles: a review","volume":"20","author":"Tillotson GS","year":"2002","journal-title":"Today's Ther Trends"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_125_2","unstructured":"European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products (EMEA) Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products (CPMP).Points to consider: the assessment of the potential for QT interval prolongation by non\u2010cardiovascular medicinal products. Available fromhttp:www.emea.eu.intpdfshumanswp098696en.pdf. AccessedMarch 20 2005."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_126_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/14.1.272"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_127_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-2918(00)80053-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_128_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000057841"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_129_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.34.3.432"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_130_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.37.10.2173"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_131_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.33.11.1841"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_132_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.36.10.2270"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_133_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.39.5.1045"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_134_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/39.suppl_2.93"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_135_2","unstructured":"RandinitisEJ KoupJR BronNJ et al.Drug interaction studies of clinafloxacin and probenecid cimetidine phenytoin and warfarin. Presented at the 38th interscience conference on antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy San Diego CA September 2427 1998."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_136_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-199120010-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_137_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jac.a020892"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_138_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/45.2.191"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_139_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.6.1867-1874.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_140_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199907223410403"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_141_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.5.1295-1301.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_142_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/322658"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_143_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-2918(00)88310-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_144_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.119.5.1439"},{"issue":"14","key":"e_1_2_1_145_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1093\/ajhp\/59.14.1357","article-title":"Cost\u2010effectiveness of gemifloxacin: results from the GLOBE study","volume":"59","author":"Halpern MT","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Health-Syst Pharm"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_146_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.57.10.847"}],"container-title":["Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1592%2Fphco.25.5.717.63583","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/accpjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1592\/phco.25.5.717.63583","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T18:01:36Z","timestamp":1761069696000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/accpjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1592\/phco.25.5.717.63583"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,5]]},"references-count":145,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1592\/phco.25.5.717.63583"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1592\/phco.25.5.717.63583","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0277-0008","1875-9114"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0277-0008","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-9114","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2012-01-16","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}