{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T03:37:04Z","timestamp":1788320224196,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,6]],"date-time":"2012-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1325808000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2045,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["accpjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmacotherapy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Study Objective<\/jats:bold>. To characterize inpatient use of intravenous sedatives in the real\u2010world setting, and to evaluate clinical and economic outcomes when dexmedetomidine was used with midazolam and propofol for select cardiovascular procedures.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Design<\/jats:bold>. 12\u2010month retrospective analysis.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Data Source<\/jats:bold>. An administrative claims database of operational data from a nationally representative sample of 250 medical and surgical hospitals.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Patients<\/jats:bold>. Patients who received midazolam plus propofol (9996 patients) or dexmedetomidine, midazolam, plus propofol (356 patients) after cardiac valve or vessel surgery.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Measurements and Main Results<\/jats:bold>. The source of patient demographics (e.g., age, sex, Charlson Comorbidity Index) and outcomes (e.g., charges, length of stay, mortality rate) was the hospital billing claim form. Patients in the dexmedetomidine\u2010midazolam\u2010propofol cohort tended to be younger and male and to have fewer comorbidities than those midazolam\u2010propofol cohort. The primary outcomes for the three\u2010drug cohort showed significant reductions in total charges\/patient (\u223c$18,000, p\u22120.05), total hospital length of stay (0.6 days, p&lt;0.0001), days in the intensive care unit or cardiac care unit (3.87 days, p&lt;0.0001), and mortality (2%, p=0.0142). Although pharmacy charges were higher (\u223c$4000\/patient), lower charges for the intensive care or cardiac care unit, operating room, room and board, and respiratory services were observed in the dexmedetomidine\u2010midazolam\u2010propofol cohort compared with the two\u2010drug cohort. Also, mechanical ventilation was shorter by \u223c0.5 day in the three\u2010drug cohort (p&lt;0.01).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion<\/jats:bold>. These initial findings of a real\u2010world assessment of dexmedetomidine use with other agents suggest favorable clinical and economic outcomes. Further research through randomized clinical trials of dexmedetomidine is warranted to better understand its optimum patient population, dosage, and the causality of the results, and to confirm the potential clinical and economic benefits observed in our patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.26.6.798","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,22]],"date-time":"2006-05-22T13:14:16Z","timestamp":1148303656000},"page":"798-805","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Addition of Dexmedetomidine to Standard Sedation Regimens After Cardiac Surgery: An Outcomes Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Joseph F.","family":"Dasta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith","family":"Jacobi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne\u2010Marie","family":"Sesti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trent P.","family":"McLaughlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.324.7350.1386"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.20.7.662.35172"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200007000-00019"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.11.1451"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200003000-00041"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","first-page":"243","article-title":"Cerebral functional deficit in cardiac surgical patients investigated with P300 and neuropsychological tests","volume":"46","author":"Toner I.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Electroencephlogr Clin Neurophysiol Suppl"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.1981.tb08859.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0704(05)70184-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0885066602239122"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200059020-00012"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0704(05)70191-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199701000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.1996.tb07738.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200201000-00034"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.103.2.557"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000162565.18193.E5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1D615"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.128.2.496"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-200208000-00042","article-title":"The efficacy, side effects and recovery characteristics of dexmedetomidine versus propofol when used for intraoperative sedation","volume":"95","author":"Arain S.R.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_2","unstructured":"NDCHealth Inc..Home page. 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