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Many options are available to treat insomnia, to assist with either falling asleep (sleep onset) or maintaining sleep. We searched MEDLINE for articles published between January 1996 and January 2006, evaluated abstracts from recent professional meetings, and contacted the manufacturer of the most recent addition to the pharmacologic armamentarium for insomnia treatment (ramelteon) to gather information. Nonpharmacologic options include stimulus control, sleep hygiene education, sleep restriction, paradoxical intention, relaxation therapy, biofeedback, and cognitive behavioral therapy. Prescription and over\u2010the\u2010counter drug therapies include benzodiazepine and nonbenzodiazepine sedative\u2010hypnotic agents; ramelteon, a melatonin receptor agonist; trazodone; and sedating antihistamines. Herbal and alternative preparations include melatonin and valerian. Before recommending any treatment, clinicians should consider patient\u2010specific criteria such as age, medical history, and other drug use, as well as the underlying cause of the sleep disturbance. All pharmacotherapy should be used with appropriate caution, at minimum effective doses, and for minimum duration of time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.27.1.89","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,28]],"date-time":"2006-12-28T07:34:50Z","timestamp":1167291290000},"page":"89-110","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["Therapeutic Options for Sleep\u2010Maintenance and Sleep\u2010Onset Insomnia"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Anna K.","family":"Morin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Courtney I.","family":"Jarvis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann M.","family":"Lynch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders\u2010text revision: DSM\u2010IV\u2010TR","author":"American Psychiatric Association.","year":"2000"},{"issue":"18","key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","first-page":"13","article-title":"Clinical and socioeconomic correlates of insomnia","volume":"65","author":"Walsh JK","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","unstructured":"National Sleep Foundation.National sleep awareness week. 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