{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T11:29:58Z","timestamp":1783164598748,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,6]],"date-time":"2012-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1325808000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1284,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["accpjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmacotherapy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Study Objective.<\/jats:bold> To evaluate the pharmacokinetics of haloperidol after intranasal administration compared with intravenous and intramuscular administration, and to evaluate systemic and local tolerance of intranasal administration.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Design.<\/jats:bold> Randomized, open\u2010label, three\u2010way crossover study.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Setting.<\/jats:bold> Academic medical center.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Subjects.<\/jats:bold> Four healthy volunteers (two men, two women; aged 24\u201337 yrs).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Intervention.<\/jats:bold> Each subject received in a randomized order the following three treatments, with a 2\u2010week washout period between treatments: intravenous haloperidol 2.5 mg (0.5 ml of 5.0 mg\/ml) infused over 15 minutes, intramuscular haloperidol 2.5 mg (0.5 ml of 5.0 mg\/ml), and intranasal haloperidol 2.5 mg (2.5 mg\/0.1\u2010ml spray into a single naris).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Measurements and Main Results.<\/jats:bold> Blood samples were obtained serially and plasma levels determined. Noncompartmental analysis was used to estimate pharmacokinetic parameters. Physical and nasal examinations and adverse\u2010effect profiles were obtained to assess tolerance. Mean (percent coefficient of variation) haloperidol bioavailability after intranasal administration was 63.8% (24.4%) compared with intravenous administration and 48.6% (29.4%) compared with intramuscular administration. Intranasal administration achieved higher peak levels that occurred more quickly compared with intramuscular administration. Median time to maximum concentration was 15 minutes after the intranasal dose compared with 37.5 and 15 minutes after the intramuscular and intravenous doses, respectively. Subjects had mild\u2010to\u2010moderate systemic adverse effects, all related to an extension of haloperidol's pharmacologic actions. Two of the four subjects complained of mild\u2010to\u2010moderate nasal irritation after the intranasal doses.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion.<\/jats:bold> Our results suggest that additional research studies are warranted for further evaluation of intranasal administration of haloperidol. The product provides rapid therapeutic plasma levels and sedation, with only minor and short\u2010lived nasal irritation. These data suggest that intranasal administration of haloperidol, or other antipsychotics with similar potency, could play a role in treating psychiatric emergencies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.28.7.875","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,24]],"date-time":"2008-06-24T11:47:08Z","timestamp":1214308028000},"page":"875-882","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Comparison of Intranasal Administration of Haloperidol with Intravenous and Intramuscular Administration: A Pilot Pharmacokinetic Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Jodi L.","family":"Miller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. 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