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The rotigotine pharmacophore is nonergolinic and demonstrates high affinity for dopamine D\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    and D\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    receptors. With once\u2010daily application, the patch matrix provides continuous, nonfluctuating plasma drug levels at steady state, resulting in continuous and steady plasma and brain levels and striatal dopamine\u2010receptor stimulation. In early Parkinson's disease, doses of rotigotine up to 8 mg\/24 hours demonstrate comparable efficacy to ropinirole (at doses up to 12 mg\/day); in advanced Parkinson's disease, doses of rotigotine up to 16 mg\/24 hours demonstrate comparable efficacy and tolerability to pramipexole (at doses up to 4.5 mg\/day). In the registration trials for early and advanced Parkinson's disease, the adverse effects most commonly observed with rotigotine were minor application site reactions, dizziness, nausea, and somnolence. Doses of transdermal rotigotine can be titrated to a maintenance dose within 2\u20133 weeks, and the once\u2010daily regimen minimizes complexity of therapy. The transdermal delivery system is also an advantage when nonoral administration is desired, and the 24\u2010hour, continuous, nonfluctuating drug levels can improve early morning and nocturnal symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Thus, transdermally delivered rotigotine is a clinically innovative and useful addition to the dopamine\u2010receptor agonist class. This review summarizes the key pharmacologic and clinical data for rotigotine and provides a focused clinical context for its use in early\u2010to\u2010advanced Parkinson's disease, as well as a brief summary for its role in restless legs syndrome.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.29.12.1452","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,30]],"date-time":"2009-11-30T08:40:23Z","timestamp":1259570423000},"page":"1452-1467","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Transdermal Rotigotine: A Clinically Innovative Dopamine\u2010Receptor Agonist for the Management of Parkinson's Disease"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Jack J.","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David M.","family":"Swope","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khashayar","family":"Dashtipour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly E.","family":"Lyons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp043908"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1047-2797(96)00066-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","first-page":"353","article-title":"Microcircuitry of the direct and indirect pathways of the basal ganglia","volume":"86","author":"Smith Y","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","first-page":"977","volume-title":"Pharmacotherapy: a pathophysiologic approach","author":"Chen J","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410240303"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410240304"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410080603"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2008.01.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(06)70521-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00002512-200421110-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.8.5.657"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf214"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1369.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/mp049926u"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-024924-4.50005-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1552-4604.1991.tb01895.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20054"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.26.501"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-0579-5_10"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8257(199903)14:2<336::AID-MDS1021>3.0.CO;2-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.10502"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_2","unstructured":"UCB Pharma Inc.UCB to implement full cold\u2010chain for Neupro June 4 2008. 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