{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T05:14:31Z","timestamp":1770527671650,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,6]],"date-time":"2012-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1325808000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":311,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["accpjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmacotherapy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Study Objective.<\/jats:bold> To identify patterns of misuse and diversion of anxiolytic and sedative drugs among a sample of adults prescribed these drugs.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Design.<\/jats:bold> Cross\u2010sectional study.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Setting.<\/jats:bold> University research center in Canada.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Participants.<\/jats:bold> Sixty\u2010seven adults (aged 19\u201361 yrs) who had current prescriptions for anxiolytic or sedative drugs.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Intervention.<\/jats:bold> Face\u2010to\u2010face interviews and questionnaires were used to gather information on demographics as well as variables relating to drug misuse and diversion such as personality dimensions, psychiatric symptoms, and other substance use.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Measurements and Main Results.<\/jats:bold> Of the 67 participants, 36 (54%) reported misusing their drugs on at least one occasion, and 35 (52%) reported diverting their drugs at least once. A variety of forms of anxiolytic or sedative misuse were reported, including exceeding the recommended dosage (28 participants [42%]), deliberately using the drug with alcohol or another drug (27 [40%]), or taking it by an alternate route of administration (5 [7%]). Misuse and diversion were associated with a history of substance use and substance\u2010related problems, as well as personality characteristics relating to impulsivity and hopelessness. Diversion was also associated with an increased likelihood of having taken any psychoactive prescription drug without having a valid prescription for it.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion.<\/jats:bold> A variety of forms of drug misuse and diversion occurred among this population of adults who were prescribed anxiolytics or sedatives. Likelihood of engaging in misuse or diversion was associated with other substance use, substance use disorders, and personality characteristics. Despite the modest sample size and cross\u2010sectional design, this study identified substantial heterogeneity in prescription anxiolytic and sedative misuse, suggesting that the use of clearly defined operational criteria will be essential in future efforts to further characterize this phenomenon.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.31.3.262","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,9]],"date-time":"2011-03-09T10:41:46Z","timestamp":1299667306000},"page":"262-272","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Drug Misuse and Diversion in Adults Prescribed Anxiolytics and Sedatives"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Megan E.","family":"McLarnon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tracy L.","family":"Monaghan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sherry H.","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sean P.","family":"Barrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","first-page":"185","article-title":"Benzodiazepines: the science and the myths","volume":"6","author":"Busto UE.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Can J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03550240060035"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","first-page":"28","article-title":"Benzodiazepine use, abuse, and dependence","volume":"66","author":"O'Brien CP.","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.8.1161"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","first-page":"751","article-title":"Prescription drug misuse: a growing national problem","volume":"17","author":"Hertz JA","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adolesc Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2007.04.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612023396654"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","first-page":"1567","article-title":"The effect of benzodiazepines on cognition. In: Rosenbaum JF, chair. Academic highlights. Utilizing benzodiazepines in clinical practice: an evidence\u2010based discussion","volume":"65","author":"Stewart SA.","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S399","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(99)00051-6","article-title":"Limitations on the use of benzodiazepines in anxiety and insomnia: are they justified","volume":"9","author":"Lader MH.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsycho-pharmacol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7506-7313-6.50010-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","first-page":"224","article-title":"Benzodiazepine\u2010associated emergencies in Toronto","volume":"137","author":"Busto U.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2010.01.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130050422"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2007.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1185\/030079908X273435"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2004.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1747-597X-3-22"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","first-page":"393","article-title":"Benzodiazepine abuse and dependence: misconceptions and facts","volume":"31","author":"Farnsworth MG.","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Fam Pract"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_1_20_2","first-page":"31","article-title":"Relative abuse liability of hypnotic drugs: a conceptual framework and algorithm for differentiating among compounds","volume":"66","author":"Griffiths RR","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J251v09n01_05"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01760.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_2","first-page":"1569","article-title":"Efficacy of and concerns about benzodiazepines and their alternatives for anxiety disorders. In: Rosenbaum JF, chair. Academic highlights. Utilizing benzodiazepines in clinical practice: an evidence\u2010based discussion","volume":"65","author":"Pollack MH.","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_2","first-page":"2124","article-title":"Zopiclone: is it a pharmacologic agent for abuse","volume":"53","author":"Cimolai N.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Can Fam Physician"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-6080(02)80012-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2003.00491.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.316.7125.117"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130050997"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1874473710801030255"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990701667347"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3200\/JACH.54.5.269-278"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2007.41"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2002.00098.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2009.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_2","first-page":"1039","article-title":"Medical and nonmedical stimulant use among adolescents: from sanctioned to unsanctioned use","volume":"165","author":"Poulin C.","year":"2001","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.883"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.chi.0000199027.68828.b3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2005.10.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2008.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1994.55.81"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.68.5.818"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_2","first-page":"329","article-title":"Validation of a four\u2010factor model of personality risk for substance abuse and examination of a brief instrument for assessing personality risk","volume":"7","author":"Conrod PJ","year":"2002","journal-title":"Addict Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-164X.14.3.243"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-008-0095-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13548500220139386"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370505000805"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/JA-200066866"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_2","volume-title":"Results from the 2007 national survey on drug use and health: national findings [online]","author":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_2","volume-title":"Compendium of pharmaceuticals and specialties","author":"Repchinsky C.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2004.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2006.05.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-1644"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-198001000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890423349"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.58.8.787"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2009.01.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_2","volume-title":"Visible minority population, by census metropolitan area (table). 2006 census of population","author":"Statistics Canada.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/0048-5713-19950301-08"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.54.10.1395"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612023396744"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-8716(96)01263-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1988.tb00485.x"}],"container-title":["Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1592%2Fphco.31.3.262","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/accpjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1592\/phco.31.3.262","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T15:58:37Z","timestamp":1761062317000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/accpjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1592\/phco.31.3.262"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,3]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1592\/phco.31.3.262"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1592\/phco.31.3.262","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0277-0008","1875-9114"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0277-0008","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-9114","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2012-01-06","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}