{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:20:00Z","timestamp":1787023200577,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,6]],"date-time":"2012-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1325808000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":158,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["accpjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmacotherapy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Study Objective.<\/jats:bold>\n                    To contrast the characteristics of two groups of men who participated in strength\u2010training exercise\u2014those who reported anabolic\u2010androgenic steroid (AAS) use versus those who reported no AAS use.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Design.<\/jats:bold>\n                    Analysis of data from the Anabolic 500, a cross\u2010sectional survey.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Participants. Five hundred six male self\u2010reported AAS users (mean age 29.3 yrs) and 771 male self\u2010reported nonusers of AAS (mean age 25.2 yrs) who completed an online survey between February 19 and June 30, 2009.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Measurements and Main Results.<\/jats:bold>\n                    Respondents were recruited from Internet discussion boards of 38 fitness, bodybuilding, weightlifting, and steroid Web sites. The respondents provided online informed consent and completed the Anabolic 500, a 99\u2010item Web\u2010based survey. Data were collected on demographics, use of AAS and other performance\u2010enhancing agents, alcohol and illicit drug use, substance dependence disorder, other\n                    <jats:italic>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision<\/jats:italic>\n                    diagnoses, and history of sexual and\/or physical abuse. Most (70.4%) of the AAS users were recreational exercisers who reported using an average of 11.1 performance\u2010enhancing agents in their routine. Compared with nonusers, the AAS users were more likely to meet criteria for substance dependence disorder (23.4% vs 11.2%, p&lt;0.001), report a diagnosis of an anxiety disorder (10.1% vs 6.1%, p=0.010), use cocaine within the past 12 months (11.3% vs 4.7%, p&lt;0.001), and report a history of sexual abuse (6.1% vs 2.7%, p=0.005).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion.<\/jats:bold>\n                    Most of the AAS users in this study were recreational exercisers who practiced polypharmacy. The AAS users were more likely than nonusers to meet criteria for substance dependence disorder, report a diagnosis of an anxiety disorder, report recent cocaine use, and have a history of sexual abuse. The information uncovered in this study may help clinicians and researchers develop appropriate intervention strategies for AAS abuse.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.31.8.757","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,27]],"date-time":"2011-07-27T10:29:35Z","timestamp":1311762575000},"page":"757-766","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":161,"title":["The Anabolic 500 Survey: Characteristics of Male Users versus Nonusers of Anabolic\u2010Androgenic Steroids for Strength Training"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Eric J.","family":"Ip","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitchell J.","family":"Barnett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Tenerowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul J.","family":"Perry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/43.7.1262"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","unstructured":"MitchellGJ.Report to the commissioner of baseball of an independent investigation into the illegal use of steroids and other performance enhancing substances by players in major league baseball 2007. 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