{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T01:52:57Z","timestamp":1779241977223,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]],"date-time":"2016-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1451606400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Cleft Palate Craniofacial Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ophthalmic abnormalities in children with syndromic craniosynostosis have been reported previously, and referral of these children to a pediatric ophthalmologist is recommended. However, it is not as clear whether a child with nonsyndromic synostosis needs to be referred to a pediatric ophthalmologist. The aim of this study is to report the incidence of amblyopia and its risk factors in children with isolated metopic craniosynostosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An institutional review board\u2013approved, retrospective review was performed on 91 children diagnosed with isolated metopic craniosynostosis. Ophthalmologic records were reviewed for diagnoses of amblyopia, strabismus, and refractive error.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of the 91 children, 19 (20.9%) had astigmatism, eight (8.8%) had amblyopia, eight (8.8%) had strabismus, five had myopia (5.5%), five had hyperopia (5.5%), and five had anisometropia (5.5%). The incidence of amblyopia and its risk factors found in our study are higher than the rate found in the clinically normal pediatric population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In our patient population, children with isolated metopic craniosynostosis demonstrate an increased rate of amblyopia and its risk factors. Amblyopia is best treated early in life to achieve a successful outcome. A referral to a pediatric ophthalmologist for a formal eye exam and potential treatment is therefore recommended for children with isolated metopic craniosynostosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1597\/14-212","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,31]],"date-time":"2015-12-31T17:33:09Z","timestamp":1451583189000},"page":"14-17","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Incidence of Amblyopia and Its Risk Factors in Children with Isolated Metopic Craniosynostosis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Thuan B.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leslie A.","family":"Shock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Missouri Medical School, Columbia, Missouri."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tara G.","family":"Missoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arshad R.","family":"Muzaffar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-14-212","unstructured":"American Academy of Ophthalmology Pediatric Ophthalmology\/Strabismus Panel. Preferred practice pattern guidelines. Amblyopia. 2012. Available at http:\/\/one.aao.org\/preferred-practice-pattern\/amblyopia-ppp-september-2012. 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