{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:52:18Z","timestamp":1785423138577,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,1]],"date-time":"2016-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1472688000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Cleft Palate Craniofacial Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Acoustic studies of oral-nasal balance disorders to date have focused on hypernasality. However, in patients with cleft palate, nasal obstruction may also be present, so that hypernasality and hyponasality co-occur. In this study, normal speakers simulated different disorders of oral-nasal balance. Linear discriminant analysis was used to create a tentative diagnostic formula based on the long-term averaged spectra (LTAS) of the speech stimuli.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eleven female participants were recorded while reading nonnasal and nasal speech stimuli. LTASs of the recordings were run for their normal oral-nasal balance and their simulations of hyponasal, hypernasal, and mixed oral-nasal balance. The amplitude values (in decibels) were extracted in 100-Hz intervals over a range of 4 kHz.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A repeated-measures analysis of variance of the normalized amplitudes revealed a resonance condition\u2013frequency band amplitude interaction effect ( P &lt; .001). A linear discriminant analysis of the participants\u2019 LTAS led to formulas correctly classifying 80.7% of the oral-nasal balance conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The simulations produced distinctive spectra enabling the creation of formulas that predicted the oral-nasal balance above chance level. Future research with speakers with oral-nasal balance disorders will be needed to investigate the potential of this approach for the clinical diagnosis of disorders of oral-nasal balance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1597\/14-236","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,11]],"date-time":"2015-06-11T11:17:00Z","timestamp":1434021420000},"page":"163-171","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Application of Linear Discriminant Analysis to the Long-term Averaged Spectra of Simulated Disorders of Oral-Nasal Balance"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Gillian","family":"De Boer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech-Language Pathology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Bressmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech-Language Pathology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-14-236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1597\/14-040"},{"key":"bibr2-14-236","author":"Boersma P.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Praat: doing phonetics by computer [Computer program]."},{"key":"bibr3-14-236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699200500270689"},{"key":"bibr4-14-236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-6984.2012.00165.x"},{"key":"bibr5-14-236","first-page":"137","volume-title":"Communicative Disorders Related to Cleft Lip and Palate.","author":"Bzoch 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