{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T07:30:16Z","timestamp":1787729416940,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,1]],"date-time":"2017-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1509494400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Cleft Palate Craniofacial Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Since the 1960s, multiple studies have reported a tendency toward hypertelorism in individuals with nonsyndromic orofacial clefts (OFCs). However, the association between specific cleft types and increased interorbital distance has been inconsistent. Using three-dimensional (3D) surface imaging, we tested whether different forms of clefting showed evidence of increased interorbital distance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Intercanthal and outercanthal distances and intercanthal indices were calculated from 3D facial surface images of 287 individuals with repaired OFCs. Raw measurements were converted to sex and age-normalized Z-scores. Mean Z-scores for individuals with cleft lip (CL), cleft lip and palate (CLP), and cleft palate (CP) were compared with reference normative values (controls) and one another directly using t tests and analysis of variance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The CLP group showed a significant increase in intercanthal width ( P = .001) and intercanthal index ( P &lt; .001) compared with reference norms. The CP group showed a significant decrease ( P &lt; .001) in outercanthal width. The CL group showed no difference from reference norms. The proportion of clinically hyperteloric individuals was generally low but highest in the CLP group (7.4%). Cleft severity had little effect on interorbital spacing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Individuals with CLP exhibited on average a tendency toward mild hypertelorism, driven primarily by an increase in intercanthal distance. This tendency was not seen in CL or CP.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1597\/15-256","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,9]],"date-time":"2016-08-09T12:15:40Z","timestamp":1470744940000},"page":"631-638","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Hypertelorism and Orofacial Clefting Revisited: An Anthropometric Investigation"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Seth M.","family":"Weinberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology and the Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth J.","family":"Leslie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline T.","family":"Hecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, and Associate Dean of Research, University of Texas School of Dentistry at Houston."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George L.","family":"Wehby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Management and Policy, University of Iowa, Iowa City."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederic W.B.","family":"Deleyiannis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Plastic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lina M.","family":"Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, University of Iowa, Iowa City."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaare","family":"Christensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Unit of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Biodemography, Danish Twin Registry, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary L.","family":"Marazita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology, Department of Human Genetics, the Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-15-256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420040208"},{"key":"bibr2-15-256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.30959"},{"key":"bibr3-15-256","first-page":"19","volume":"11","author":"Athanasiou A.E.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int J Adult Orthodon Orthognath Surg."},{"key":"bibr4-15-256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1010-5182(05)80065-4"},{"key":"bibr5-15-256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.32167"},{"key":"bibr6-15-256","first-page":"258","volume":"19","author":"Dahl E.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Cleft Palate J."},{"key":"bibr7-15-256","first-page":"178","volume-title":"The Cames and Natural History of Cleft Lip and Palate.","author":"Dixon 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