{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T13:55:46Z","timestamp":1791035746223,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Since 2001, alligator farms in the United States have sustained substantial economic losses because of West Nile virus (WNV) outbreaks in American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis). Once an initial infection is introduced into captive alligators, WNV can spread among animals by contaminative transmission. Some outbreaks have been linked to feeding on infected meat or the introduction of infected hatchlings, but the initial source of WNV infection has been uncertain in other outbreaks. We conducted a study to identify species composition and presence of WNV in mosquito populations associated with alligator farms in Louisiana. A second objective of this study was to identify the origin of mosquito blood meals collected at commercial alligator farms. Mosquitoes were collected from 2004 to 2006, using Centers for Disease Control light traps, gravid traps, backpack aspirators, and resting boxes. We collected a total of 58,975 mosquitoes representing 24 species. WNV was detected in 41 pools of females from 11 mosquito species: Anopheles crucians, Anopheles quadrimaculatus, Coquillettidia perturbans, Culex coronator, Culex erraticus, Culex nigripalpus, Culex quinquefasciatus, Mansonia titillans, Aedes sollicitans, Psorophora columbiae, and Uranotaenia lowii. The blood meal origins of 213 field-collected mosquitoes were identified based on cytochrome B sequence identity. Alligator blood was detected in 21 mosquitoes representing six species of mosquitoes, including Cx. quinquefasciatus and Cx. nigripalpus. Our results showed that mosquitoes of species that are known to be competent vectors of WNV fed regularly on captive alligators. Therefore, mosquitoes probably are important in the role of transmission of WNV at alligator farms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/47.4.625","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,23]],"date-time":"2015-01-23T19:16:04Z","timestamp":1422040564000},"page":"625-633","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Detection of West Nile Virus RNA in Mosquitoes and Identification of Mosquito Blood Meals Collected at Alligator Farms in Louisiana"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Isik","family":"Unlu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wayne L.","family":"Kramer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alma F.","family":"Roy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lane D.","family":"Foil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020021807595469100_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-39.5.777","article-title":"Hostfeeding habits of Culex and other mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Borough of Queens in New York City, with characters and techniques for identification of Culex mosquitoes","volume":"39","author":"Apperson","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"2020021807595469100_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1001.020616","article-title":"Experimental infection of cats and dogs with West Nile virus","volume":"10","author":"Austgen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2020021807595469100_R3","article-title":"The incrimination of arthropods as vectors of disease, pp. 341\u2013345","author":"Barnett","year":"1962"},{"key":"2020021807595469100_R4","first-page":"203","article-title":"The host-feeding patterns of Culex quinquefasciatus in Mississippi","volume":"43","author":"Bertsch","year":"1983","journal-title":"Mosq. News"},{"key":"2020021807595469100_R5","article-title":"PooledInRate, version 3.0: a Microsoft Excel add-in to compute prevalence estimates from pooled samples","author":"Biggerstaff","year":"2003"},{"key":"2020021807595469100_R6","first-page":"186","article-title":"Seasonal dynamics of four potential West Nile vector species in north-central Texas","volume":"30","author":"Bolling","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Vector Ecol."},{"key":"2020021807595469100_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280500187617","article-title":"West Nile virus: an old virus learning new tricks?","volume":"11","author":"Briese","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."},{"key":"2020021807595469100_R8","unstructured":"[CDC] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\n          . 2007. 62 mosquito species have been found in West Nile positive mosquito pools in the United States since 1999. (http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncidod\/dvbid\/westnile\/mosquitoSpecies.htm)."},{"key":"2020021807595469100_R9","article-title":"Resting boxes as mosquito surveillance tools, pp. 53\u201357","author":"Crans","year":"1995"},{"key":"2020021807595469100_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2004.71.272","article-title":"Identification of reptilian and amphibian blood meals from mosquitoes in an eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus focus in central Alabama","volume":"71","author":"Cupp","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"2020021807595469100_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585(2007)44[117:WNVIIM]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"West Nile virus infection in mosquitoes in the Mid-South USA, 2002\u20132005","volume":"44","author":"Cupp","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"2020021807595469100_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.2987\/8756-971X(2005)21[17:HSOMDV]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Host-seeking strategies of mosquito disease vectors","volume":"21","author":"Day","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc."},{"key":"2020021807595469100_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/11.1.95","article-title":"Host-feeding patterns of Florida mosquitoes. III. Culex (Culex) and Culex (Neoculex)","volume":"11","author":"Edman","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"2020021807595469100_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.2.841-843.2004","article-title":"Use of an internal positive control in a multiplex reverse transcription-PCR to detect West Nile virus RNA in mosquito pools","volume":"42","author":"Eisler","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"2020021807595469100_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1109.040443","article-title":"West Nile virus-infected mosquitoes, Louisiana, 2002","volume":"11","author":"Godsey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2020021807595469100_R16","first-page":"179","article-title":"Host preferences of Culiseta melanura and allied mosquitoes","volume":"21","author":"Hayes","year":"1961","journal-title":"Mosq. News"},{"key":"2020021807595469100_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1964.13.595","article-title":"Field and laboratory studies on eastern encephalitis in warm- and cold-blooded vertebrates","volume":"13","author":"Hayes","year":"1964","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"2020021807595469100_R18","first-page":"362","article-title":"Isolation of West Nile virus from mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Florida Keys, Monroe County, Florida","volume":"40","author":"Hribar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Caribb. J. Sci."},{"key":"2020021807595469100_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-41.1.107","article-title":"Validation and use of an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies to West Nile virus in American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) in Florida","volume":"41","author":"Jacobson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"2020021807595469100_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2150","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1012.040264","article-title":"Alligators as West Nile virus amplifiers","volume":"10","author":"Klenk","year":"2004","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2020021807595469100_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3527(03)61005-5","article-title":"West Nile virus: epidemiology and ecology in North America","volume":"61","author":"Komar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Adv. Virus Res."},{"key":"2020021807595469100_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4066","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.11.4066-4071.2000","article-title":"Rapid detection of West Nile virus from human clinical specimens, field-collected mosquitoes, and avian samples by a TaqMan reverse transcriptase-PCR assay","volume":"38","author":"Lanciotti","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"2020021807595469100_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1093\/aesa\/61.1.116","article-title":"Host preference of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Suffolk County, New York","volume":"61","author":"Means","year":"1968","journal-title":"Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"2020021807595469100_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/42.4.657","article-title":"Identification of mosquito bloodmeal source by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism profile analysis of the cytochrome B gene","volume":"42","author":"Meece","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"2020021807595469100_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0907.030085","article-title":"West Nile virus in farmed alligators","volume":"9","author":"Miller","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2020021807595469100_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1203.051004","article-title":"Host feeding patterns of Culex mosquitoes and West Nile virus transmission, northeastern United States","volume":"12","author":"Molaei","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2020021807595469100_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.77.73","article-title":"Host feeding pattern of Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) and its role in transmission of West Nile virus in Harris County, Texas","volume":"77","author":"Molaei","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"2020021807595469100_R28","first-page":"366","article-title":"Bionomics of Culex salinarius Coquillett. II. Host acceptence and feeding by adult females of Culex salinarius and other mosquito species","volume":"27","author":"Murphey","year":"1967","journal-title":"Mosq. News"},{"key":"2020021807595469100_R29","unstructured":"[NGN] National Geographic News\n          . 2001. Controlled alligator harvest an effective conservation tool, Louisiana says. (http:\/\/news.nationalgeographic.com\/new\/2001\/10\/1022_Ally_1.html)."},{"key":"2020021807595469100_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.5818\/1529-9651.15.3.4","article-title":"West Nile virus in alligator, Alligator mississippiensis, ranches from Louisiana","volume":"15","author":"Nevarez","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Herpetol. Med. Surg."},{"key":"2020021807595469100_R31","unstructured":"Nevarez\n              J. G.\n            \n          \n          2007. Lymphohistiocytic proliferative syndrome of alligators (Alligator mississippiensis): a cutaneous manifestation of West Nile virus. Ph.D. dissertation, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge."},{"key":"2020021807595469100_R32","unstructured":"ProMED-mail.\n          \n          2003. Croclist: Idaho\u2019s gator farm. (http:\/\/lists.gatorhole.com\/pipermail\/croclist\/2003-November\/000738.html)."},{"key":"2020021807595469100_R33","first-page":"46","article-title":"The natural history of Culex nigripalpus","volume":"12","author":"Provost","year":"1969","journal-title":"Fl. Bd. Hlth. Monogr."},{"key":"2020021807595469100_R34","first-page":"496","article-title":"A portable battery powered trap for collecting gravid Culex mosquitoes","volume":"43","author":"Reiter","year":"1983","journal-title":"Mosq. News"},{"key":"2020021807595469100_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/30.4.689","article-title":"Bionomics of Anopheles quadrimaculatus and Culex erraticus (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Falls Lake basin, North Carolina: seasonal changes in abundance and gonotrophic status, and host-feeding patterns","volume":"30","author":"Robertson","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Med. 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Hyg."}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Entomology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jme\/article-pdf\/47\/4\/625\/32517043\/jmedent47-0625.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jme\/article-pdf\/47\/4\/625\/32517043\/jmedent47-0625.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,18]],"date-time":"2020-02-18T08:02:22Z","timestamp":1582012942000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jme\/article\/47\/4\/625\/992551"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,1]]},"references-count":39,"aliases":["10.1603\/me09087","10.1603\/me09087"],"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jmedent\/47.4.625","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-2585","1938-2928"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-2585","type":"print"},{"value":"1938-2928","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,1]]}}}