{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T03:02:10Z","timestamp":1787626930079,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Begell House","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Inter J Ener Clean Env"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<p>Traditional ironmaking technologies are notably energy intensive and significantly contribute to carbon emissions. Several pathways exist for reducing or eliminating CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;\/sub&gt; emissions from iron production, including carbon capture and storage and the use of carbon-free or carbon-neutral renewable reductants. This review critically examines the thermodynamics and kinetics involved in the direct reduction of iron oxides using various reductants, such as carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and ammonia, with a particular emphasis on the potential of direct ammonia reduction with iron ore as a means of decarbonising the ironmaking industry. Subsequently, the review explores current ironmaking technologies, including the coke-based blast furnace process, the pulverized coal-based HIsmelt process, gas-based direct reduced iron (DRI) processes (including fluidized bed reactors and shaft furnaces), and coal-based DRI processes (such as rotary kilns and rotary hearth furnaces). The analysis encompasses process flowsheets, reduction mechanisms, feedstock types, operating conditions, and the prospective adaptation of ammonia as a carbon-free reductant. The review identifies the challenges associated with using ammonia as a reducing agent in ironmaking, highlighting unresolved scientific questions, technical obstacles, and economic and environmental problems. Finally, it concludes by proposing directions for future research efforts aimed at addressing these challenges.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1615\/interjenercleanenv.2025056567","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T19:39:24Z","timestamp":1764099564000},"page":"157-177","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A TECHNICAL REVIEW ON DIRECT REDUCTION OF IRON ORE USING NH3"],"prefix":"10.1615","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Kaijie","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jialiang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhezi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiemeka Onyeka","family":"Okoye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianchun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangyu","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongke","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"613","reference":[{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atsushi, M., Uemura, H., and Sakaguchi, T., MIDREX Processes, Kobelco Technol. 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