{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T18:58:54Z","timestamp":1790794734581,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Begell House","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Crit Rev Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<p>This study was conducted to investigate whether natural killer (NK) cells can kill and\/or inhibit the tumor growth of hematological tumors. When K562, the chronic myeloid leukemia cell line, was treated with the culture media collected from interleukin-2 (IL-2) and anti-CD16 mAbs-treated NK cells, increased surface expression levels of differentiation antigens MHC-class I, CD54, and PD-L1 were observed on K562. This finding validated our previous reports demonstrating that the NK cells induce tumor differentiation via their secreted factors. Next, we investigated NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity against stem-like and differentiated K562, and observed that increased NK cells induced direct cytotoxicity in stem-like K562 compared with differentiated K562. Upon differentiation, tumors become resistant to direct NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity, but were lysed by NK cells via antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). NK cell-mediated ADCC was observed when K562 cells were treated with anti-PD-L1. Thus, primary NK cells, although they cannot induce direct lysis in differentiated tumors, can target them via ADCC.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1615\/critrevimmunol.2025060370","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T18:41:40Z","timestamp":1752691300000},"page":"37-44","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Natural Killer Cells Significantly Target and Eliminate Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia via Direct Cytotoxicity or Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity"],"prefix":"10.1615","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Kawaljit","family":"Kaur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anahid","family":"Jewett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"613","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cortes J, Pavlovsky C, Sau\u00dfele S. Chronic myeloid leukaemia. Lancet. 2021;398(10314):1914\u201326.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01204-6"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hanfstein B, M\u00fcller MC, Hochhaus A. Response-related predictors of survival in CML. Ann Hematol. 2015;94(Suppl 2):S227\u201339.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-015-2327-x"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jabbour E, Kantarjian H. Chronic myeloid leukemia: A review. JAMA 2025;333(18):1618\u201329.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2025.0220"},{"key":"4","unstructured":"Chennamadhavuni A, Iyengar V, Mukkamalla SKR, Shimanovsky A. Leukemia. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls; 2023."},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Del Zotto G, Marcenaro E, Vacca P, Sivori S, Pende D, Della Chiesa M, Moretta F, Ingegnere T, Mingari MC, Moretta A, Moretta L. Markers and function of human NK cells in normal and pathological conditions. 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Augmented IFN-\u03b3 and TNF-\u03b1 induced by probiotic bacteria in NK cells mediate differentiation of stem-like tumors leading to inhibition of tumor growth and reduction in inflammatory Cytokine release; regulation by IL-10. Front Immunol. 2015;6:576.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00576"},{"key":"18","unstructured":"Aparicio-Pages MN, Verspaget HW, Pena AS, Lamers CB. Natural killer cell activity in patients with adenocarcinoma in the upper gastrointestinal tract. J Clin Lab Immunol. 1991;35(1):27\u201332."},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duan X, Deng L, Chen X, Lu Y, Zhang Q, Zhang K, Hu Y, Zeng J, Sun W. Clinical significance of the immunostimulatory MHC class I chain-related molecule A and NKG2D receptor on NK cells in pancreatic cancer. 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