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B cells play a critical role in the humoral immune response through antibody secretion; however, accumulating evidence indicates that B cells also have more\ndiverse functions in the immune system. Different B cell subsets can modulate effector T-cell responses through antigen presentation, costimulation, and cytokine production. A distinct subpopulation of B cells, termed regulatory B cells (Bregs), negatively regulates cellular immune responses and contributes to the control of inflammation, infectious diseases, autoimmunity, and cancer. These cells may represent viable targets for therapeutic manipulation or immunomodulation independent of antibody production. In this review, we discuss the various B cell subsets and describe non-humoral functions of B cells, with particular emphasis on regulatory B cells and their roles in immunological diseases and cancer.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1615\/critrevimmunol.2026061778","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T14:27:45Z","timestamp":1777040865000},"page":"1-22","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Regulatory B Cells: Beyond Antibody Production in Immunity and Cancer"],"prefix":"10.1615","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Esmaeil","family":"Mortaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samaneh","family":"Abdolmohammadi-Vahid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neda","family":"Dalil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian M.","family":"Adcock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"613","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agrawal H, Mehatre SH, Khurana S. 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