{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T20:20:02Z","timestamp":1771618802136,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Begell House","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Crit Rev Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<p>&lt;b&gt;Background:&lt;\/b&gt; Membranous nephropathy (MN) is an autoimmune kidney disease, and its pathogenesis is related to inflammation and podocyte injury. Both disulfiram and baicalin can relieve the symptoms of MN through anti-inflammatory effects. However, it is still unclear whether disulfiram and baicalin can enhance the therapeutic effect of MN by combination therapy.\n\n&lt;b&gt;Methods:&lt;\/b&gt; We screened the optimal drug concentration of disulfiram and baicalin for incubation of AB8\/13 cells by CCK-8 assay. Angiotensin II was used to stimulate AB8\/13 cells to construct a MN cell model. Subsequently, cell proliferation assays, network pharmacology analysis, ELISA assay, and pyroptosis detection were employed to investigate the effects of disulfiram combined with baicalin in MN.\n\n&lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;\/b&gt; Firstly, 250 nM disulfiram and 5 &amp;mu;mol\/L baicalin were selected as the optimal dose for the treatment of MN. Cell proliferation assay showed that the combined administration of disulfiram and baicalin could reduce Angiotensin II-induced podocyte injury. Subsequently, a total of 129 genes were identified as potential therapeutic targets of the combination therapy involving disulfiram and baicalin for MN. These targets mainly focused on regulating inflammatory-related functions and pathways. Disulfiram combined with baicalin inhibited the inflammation of MN by suppressing the levels of TNF-&amp;alpha;, IL-8 and C-reactive protein and promoting the levels of TGF-&amp;beta; and IL-10. Disulfiram combined with baicalin significantly attenuated Angiotensin II-induced podocyte pyroptosis, as indicated by reduction of Caspase-1 and GSDMD-N, lactate dehydrogenase release and the percentage of podocytes stained with propidium iodide.\n\n&lt;b&gt;Conclusion:&lt;\/b&gt; Compared with monotherapy using either disulfiram or baicalin alone for MN, the combination has a protective role in podocyte injury by inhibiting inflammation and pyroptosis. This discovery provides a new perspective for clarifying the pharmacological effects of disulfiram and baicalin to podocyte injury in MN.<\/p>","DOI":"10.1615\/critrevimmunol.2026062334","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T22:14:10Z","timestamp":1769465650000},"page":"73-84","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Combined Administration of Disulfiram and Baicalin Alleviates Membranous Nephropathy by Inhibiting Podocyte Inflammation and Pyroptosis"],"prefix":"10.1615","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Chengli","family":"Lou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yijing","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoping","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiuqin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pingxin","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiangjing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"613","reference":[{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sethi S, Fervenza FC. 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