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The addition of 1.2% SF improved flexural strength by 69% at 7\u00a0days and 16% at 28\u00a0days, while tensile strength more than doubled to 3.75\u00a0MPa at 28\u00a0days. Although compressive strength remained unaffected at 43\u00a0MPa, SF enhanced interlayer bond strength by 20%, which is crucial for layer cohesion in 3D-printed structures. Additionally, the elastic modulus increased by 7%, contributing to improved stiffness. Durability assessments, including autogenous shrinkage and self-induced stress, indicated a slight reduction in shrinkage of SF-reinforced samples, with no significant effect on self-induced stress. Microstructural analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray micro-computed tomography (\u00b5CT) demonstrated the crack-bridging behavior of steel fibers, enhancing ductility and fracture resistance. There was a slight increase in porosity (5.34%) of SF-reinforced samples without negatively affecting their mechanical properties. Notably, SF improved early-age toughness and controlled crack propagation across printed layers, addressing a critical challenge in 3D-printed concrete. The novelty of this work lies in successfully reinforcing 3D-printed Ca(OH)<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>-activated GPC with recycled steel fibers, enhancing mechanical properties, interlayer bonding, and durability without compromising printability. This study offers a sustainable reinforcement strategy for 3D printing in construction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-025-02600-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T04:47:58Z","timestamp":1740026878000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["3D Printable Ca(OH)2-based geopolymer concrete with steel fiber reinforcement"],"prefix":"10.1617","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Youssef","family":"Mortada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1737-8451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad","family":"Hammoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Laith","family":"Masoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mateusz","family":"Wyrzykowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Sirtoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Pietro","family":"Lura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Bilal","family":"Mansoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Eyad","family":"Masad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2600_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.21809\/rilemtechlett.2016.6","volume":"1","author":"G Habert","year":"2016","unstructured":"Habert G, Ouellet-Plamondon C (2016) Recent update on the environmental impact of geopolymers. 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