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The use of low\u2013carbon pozzolans in 3D concrete printing reduces cement usage, however low\u2013volume incorporation of these pozzolans insignificantly offset the carbon footprint. This study pioneers the use of 40% lithium slag (LS) as a cement replacement in the production of decarbonized 3D printed concrete and assesses the changes in rheology, buildability, mechanical, and microstructural properties with\/without 1% polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibre. The 40% LS mix enhanced 13% higher plastic viscosity recovery compared to the control, and the corresponding buildability height was increased by 34% in the same comparison. At 28\u00a0days, the control and 40% LS specimens gained 34.2\u00a0MPa and 32.1\u00a0MPa of compressive strength. The flexural and bond strengths of 40% LS mix were 3.90\u00a0MPa and 2.23\u00a0MPa at 28\u00a0days. PVA (1 vol.%) fibres incorporated 40% LS mix enhanced the printing quality by reducing the filament breaking, which gained 4.60\u00a0MPa and 2.52\u00a0MPa of flexural and bond strengths at 28\u00a0days. Microstructural analysis using BSE-EDS indicated the formation of amorphous and amorphous intermediate hydration products in contributing mechanical strength development of LS-based 3D-printed concretes. PVA fibre incorporated 40% LS mix reduces 31% embodied carbon compared to the control and establishes its potential to decarbonize and enhance the performance of 3D-printed concretes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-025-02768-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T15:44:41Z","timestamp":1756741481000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Decarbonized 3D printed concrete incorporating lithium slag and PVA fiber: buildability, mechanical, and microstructural insights"],"prefix":"10.1617","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"SM Arifur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Sanjida","family":"Khair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5234-0619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faiz Uddin Ahmed","family":"Shaikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Prabir Kumar","family":"Sarker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2768_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2020.103855","volume":"115","author":"MK Mohan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mohan MK et al (2021) Extrusion-based concrete 3D printing from a material perspective: a state-of-the-art review. 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