{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T10:27:12Z","timestamp":1772706432723,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Tohoku University Medical Press","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tohoku J. Exp. Med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.251.175","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,8]],"date-time":"2020-07-08T18:06:13Z","timestamp":1594231573000},"page":"175-181","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["COVID-19 Pandemic: Can Maintaining Optimal Zinc Balance Enhance Host Resistance?"],"prefix":"10.1620","volume":"251","author":[{"given":"Mohammed S.","family":"Razzaque","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine"},{"name":"Global Affairs Program, McCormack Graduate School of Policy and Global Studies, University of Massachusetts Boston (UMB)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"622","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Acevedo-Murillo, J.A., Garcia Leon, M.L., Firo-Reyes, V., Santiago-Cordova, J.L., Gonzalez-Rodriguez, A.P. &amp; Wong-Chew, R.M. (2019) Zinc supplementation promotes a Th1 response and improves clinical symptoms in fewer hours in children with pneumonia younger than 5 years old. A randomized controlled clinical trial. <i>Front. Pediatr<\/i>, 7, 431.","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2019.00431"},{"key":"2","unstructured":"Anderson, R.A., Roussel, A.M., Zouari, N., Mahjoub, S., Matheau, J.M. &amp; Kerkeni, A. (2001) Potential antioxidant effects of zinc and chromium supplementation in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. <i>J. Am. Coll. Nutr.<\/i>, 20, 212-218."},{"key":"3","unstructured":"Andreini, C., Banci, L., Bertini, I. &amp; Rosato, A. (2006) Counting the zinc-proteins encoded in the human genome. <i>J. Proteome Res.<\/i>, 5, 196-201."},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Armitage, R. &amp; Nellums, L.B. (2020) COVID-19 and the consequences of isolating the elderly. <i>Lancet Public Health.<\/i>, 5, e256.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30061-X"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barazandeh, M., Lambert, S.A., Albu, M. &amp; Hughes, T.R. (2018) Comparison of ChIP-Seq data and a reference motif set for human KRAB C2H2 zinc finger proteins. <i>G3 <\/i>(<i>Bethesda)<\/i>, 8, 219-229.","DOI":"10.1534\/g3.117.300296"},{"key":"6","unstructured":"Bhutta, Z.A., Black, R.E., Brown, K.H., Gardner, J.M., Gore, S., Hidayat, A., Khatun, F., Martorell, R., Ninh, N.X., Penny, M.E., Rosado, J.L., Roy, S.K., Ruel, M., Sazawal, S. &amp; Shankar, A. (1999) Prevention of diarrhea and pneumonia by zinc supplementation in children in developing countries: pooled analysis of randomized controlled trials. Zinc Investigators\u2019 Collaborative Group. <i>J. Pediatr.<\/i>, 135, 689-697."},{"key":"7","unstructured":"Blignaut, M., Espach, Y., van Vuuren, M., Dhanabalan, K. &amp; Huisamen, B. (2019) Revisiting the cardiotoxic effect of chloroquine. <i>Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther.<\/i>, 33, 1-11."},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bosch, B.J., van der Zee, R., de Haan, C.A. &amp; Rottier, P.J. (2003) The coronavirus spike protein is a class I virus fusion protein: structural and functional characterization of the fusion core complex. <i>J. Virol.<\/i>, 77, 8801-8811.","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.16.8801-8811.2003"},{"key":"9","unstructured":"Brown, M.A., Thom, J.V., Orth, G.L., Cova, P. &amp; Juarez, J. (1964) Food poisoning involving zinc contamination. <i>Arch. Environ. Health<\/i>, 8, 657-660."},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Centor, R.M., Kim, A.H. &amp; Sparks, J.A. (2020) Annals on call - COVID-19: is chloroquine the answer? <i>Ann. Intern. Med.<\/i>, 179, OC1.","DOI":"10.7326\/A20-0003"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, N., Zhou, M., Dong, X., Qu, J., Gong, F., Han, Y., Qiu, Y., Wang, J., Liu, Y., Wei, Y., Xia, J., Yu, T., Zhang, X. &amp; Zhang, L. (2020) Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. <i>Lancet<\/i>, 395, 507-513.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30211-7"},{"key":"12","unstructured":"de Sena, L.W.P., Mello, A., Ferreira, M.V.D., de Ataide, M.A., Dias, R.M. &amp; Vieira, J.L.F. (2019) Doses of chloroquine in the treatment of malaria by Plasmodium vivax in patients between 2 and 14 years of age from the Brazilian Amazon basin. <i>Malar. J.<\/i>, 18, 439."},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DePasquale-Jardieu, P. &amp; Fraker, P.J. (1984) Interference in the development of a secondary immune response in mice by zinc deprivation: persistence of effects. <i>J. Nutr.<\/i>, 114, 1762-1769.","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/114.10.1762"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Devaux, C.A., Rolain, J.M., Colson, P. &amp; Raoult, D. (2020) New insights on the antiviral effects of chloroquine against coronavirus: what to expect for COVID-19? <i>Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents<\/i>, 105938.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105938"},{"key":"15","unstructured":"Eby, G.A. (1997) Zinc ion availability: the determinant of efficacy in zinc lozenge treatment of common colds. <i>J. Antimicrob. Chemother.<\/i>, 40, 483-493."},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eby, G.A. 3rd (2010) Zinc lozenges as cure for the common cold: a review and hypothesis. <i>Med. Hypotheses<\/i>, 74, 482-492.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2009.10.017"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferner, R.E. &amp; Aronson, J.K. (2020) Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in covid-19. <i>BMJ<\/i>, 369, m1432.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1432"},{"key":"18","unstructured":"Field, C.J., Johnson, I.R. &amp; Schley, P.D. (2002) Nutrients and their role in host resistance to infection. <i>J. Leukoc. Biol.<\/i>, 71, 16-32."},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Finzi, E. (2020) Treatment of SARS-CoV-2 with high dose oral zinc salts: a report on four patients. <i>Int. J. Infect. Dis.<\/i>, doi: 10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.06.006.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.06.006"},{"key":"20","unstructured":"Fosmire, G.J. (1990) Zinc toxicity. <i>Am. J. Clin. Nutr.<\/i>, 51, 225-227."},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fraker, P.J., Caruso, R. &amp; Kierszenbaum, F. (1982) Alteration of the immune and nutritional status of mice by synergy between zinc deficiency and infection with Trypanosoma cruzi. <i>J. Nutr.<\/i>, 112, 1224-1229.","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/112.6.1224"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fraker, P.J., DePasquale-Jardieu, P., Zwickl, C.M. &amp; Luecke, R.W. (1978) Regeneration of T-cell helper function in zinc-deficient adult mice. <i>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA<\/i>, 75, 5660-5664.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.75.11.5660"},{"key":"23","unstructured":"Fraker, P.J., Gershwin, M.E., Good, R.A. &amp; Prasad, A. (1986) Interrelationships between zinc and immune function. <i>Fed. Proc.<\/i>, 45, 1474-1479."},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fraker, P.J., Hildebrandt, K. &amp; Luecke, R.W. (1984) Alteration of antibody-mediated responses of suckling mice to T-cell-dependent and independent antigens by maternal marginal zinc deficiency: restoration of responsivity by nutritional repletion. <i>J. Nutr.<\/i>, 114, 170-179.","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/114.1.170"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fraker, P.J., King, L.E., Laakko, T. &amp; Vollmer, T.L. (2000) The dynamic link between the integrity of the immune system and zinc status. <i>J. Nutr.<\/i>, 130, 1399S-1406S.","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/130.5.1399S"},{"key":"26","unstructured":"Fraker, P.J. &amp; Telford, W.G. (1997) A reappraisal of the role of zinc in life and death decisions of cells. <i>Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med.<\/i>, 215, 229-236."},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghaffari, H., Tavakoli, A., Moradi, A., Tabarraei, A., Bokharaei-Salim, F., Zahmatkeshan, M., Farahmand, M., Javanmard, D., Kiani, S.J., Esghaei, M., Pirhajati-Mahabadi, V., Monavari, S.H. &amp; Ataei-Pirkooh, A. (2019) Inhibition of H1N1 influenza virus infection by zinc oxide nanoparticles: another emerging application of nanomedicine. <i>J. Biomed. Sci.<\/i>, 26, 70.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-019-0563-4"},{"key":"28","unstructured":"Godfrey, H.R., Godfrey, N.J., Godfrey, J.C. &amp; Riley, D. (2001) A randomized clinical trial on the treatment of oral herpes with topical zinc oxide\/glycine. <i>Altern. Ther. Health Med.<\/i>, 7, 49-56."},{"key":"29","unstructured":"Hambidge, K.M., Walravens, P.A. &amp; Neldner, K.H. (1977) The role of zinc in the pathogenesis and treatment of acrodermatitis enteropathica. <i>Prog. Clin. Biol. Res.<\/i>, 14, 329-342."},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, Y.S., Chang, G.G., Juo, C.G., Lee, H.J., Yeh, S.H., Hsu, J.T. &amp; Chen, X. (2005) Papain-like protease 2 (PLP2) from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV): expression, purification, characterization, and inhibition. <i>Biochemistry<\/i>, 44, 10349-10359.","DOI":"10.1021\/bi0504761"},{"key":"31","unstructured":"Haraguchi, Y., Sakurai, H., Hussain, S., Anner, B.M. &amp; Hoshino, H. (1999) Inhibition of HIV-1 infection by zinc group metal compounds. <i>Antiviral Res.<\/i>, 43, 123-133."},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hemila, H. (2015) Common cold treatment using zinc. <i>JAMA<\/i>, 314, 730.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.8174"},{"key":"33","unstructured":"Hemila, H. (2011) Zinc lozenges may shorten the duration of colds: a systematic review. <i>Open Respir. Med. J.<\/i>, 5, 51-58."},{"key":"34","unstructured":"Hsu, J.T., Kuo, C.J., Hsieh, H.P., Wang, Y.C., Huang, K.K., Lin, C.P., Huang, P.F., Chen, X. &amp; Liang, P.H. (2004) Evaluation of metal-conjugated compounds as inhibitors of 3CL protease of SARS-CoV. <i>FEBS Lett.<\/i>, 574, 116-120."},{"key":"35","unstructured":"Huang, M., Tang, T., Pang, P., Li, M., Ma, R., Lu, J., Shu, J., You, Y., Chen, B., Liang, J., Hong, Z., Chen, H., Kong, L., Qin, D., Pei, D., et al. (2020) Treating COVID-19 with chloroquine. <i>J. Mol. Cell. Biol.<\/i>, 12, 322-325."},{"key":"36","unstructured":"Ide, K., Kawasaki, Y., Akutagawa, M. &amp; Yamada, H. (2017) Effects of green tea gargling on the prevention of influenza infection: an analysis using Bayesian approaches. <i>J. Altern. Complement. Med.<\/i>, 23, 116-120."},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ide, K., Yamada, H., Matsushita, K., Ito, M., Nojiri, K., Toyoizumi, K., Matsumoto, K. &amp; Sameshima, Y. (2014) Effects of green tea gargling on the prevention of influenza infection in high school students: a randomized controlled study. <i>PLoS One<\/i>, 9, e96373.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096373"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaur, K., Gupta, R., Saraf, S.A. &amp; Saraf, S.K. (2014) Zinc: the metal of life. <i>Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety<\/i>, 13, 358-376.","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12067"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaushik, N., Subramani, C., Anang, S., Muthumohan, R., Shalimar, Nayak, B., Ranjith-Kumar, C.T. &amp; Surjit, M. (2017) Zinc salts block hepatitis E virus replication by inhibiting the activity of viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. <i>J. Virol.<\/i>, 91, e00754-17.","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00754-17"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Korant, B.D., Kauer, J.C. &amp; Butterworth, B.E. (1974) Zinc ions inhibit replication of rhinoviruses. <i>Nature<\/i>, 248, 588-590.","DOI":"10.1038\/248588a0"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kunz, R. &amp; Minder, M. (2020) COVID-19 pandemic: palliative care for elderly and frail patients at home and in residential and nursing homes. <i>Swiss Med. Wkly.<\/i>, 150, w20235.","DOI":"10.4414\/smw.2020.20235"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lambert, S.A., Jolma, A., Campitelli, L.F., Das, P.K., Yin, Y., Albu, M., Chen, X., Taipale, J., Hughes, T.R. &amp; Weirauch, M.T. (2018a) The human transcription factors. <i>Cell<\/i>, 175, 598-599.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.09.045"},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lambert, S.A., Jolma, A., Campitelli, L.F., Das, P.K., Yin, Y., Albu, M., Chen, X., Taipale, J., Hughes, T.R. &amp; Weirauch, M.T. (2018b) The human transcription factors. <i>Cell<\/i>, 172, 650-665.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.01.029"},{"key":"44","unstructured":"Leitzmann, M.F., Stampfer, M.J., Wu, K., Colditz, G.A., Willett, W.C. &amp; Giovannucci, E.L. (2003) Zinc supplement use and risk of prostate cancer. <i>J. Natl. Cancer Inst.<\/i>, 95, 1004-1007."},{"key":"45","unstructured":"Lescure, F.X., Bouadma, L., Nguyen, D., Parisey, M., Wicky, P.H., Behillil, S., Gaymard, A., Bouscambert-Duchamp, M., Donati, F., Le Hingrat, Q., Enouf, V., Houhou-Fidouh, N., Valette, M., Mailles, A., Lucet, J.C., et al. (2020) Clinical and virological data of the first cases of COVID-19 in Europe: a case series. <i>Lancet Infect. Dis.<\/i>, 20, 697-706."},{"key":"46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, W. &amp; Liu, J. (2020) Overexpression of the zinc-<i>\u03b1<\/i>2-glycoprotein accelerates apoptosis and inhibits growth via the mTOR\/PTEN signaling pathway in gastric carcinoma cells. <i>Life Sci.<\/i>, 240, 117117.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2019.117117"},{"key":"47","unstructured":"Li, Y., Xu, Y., Peng, X., Huang, J., Yang, M. &amp; Wang, X. (2019) A Novel Photosensitizer Znln(2)S(4) Mediated Photodynamic Therapy Induced-HepG2 Cell Apoptosis. <i>Radiat. Res.<\/i>, 192, 422-430."},{"key":"48","unstructured":"Matsumura, H., Nirei, K., Nakamura, H., Arakawa, Y., Higuchi, T., Hayashi, J., Yamagami, H., Matsuoka, S., Ogawa, M., Nakajima, N., Tanaka, N. &amp; Moriyama, M. (2012) Zinc supplementation therapy improves the outcome of patients with chronic hepatitis C. <i>J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr.<\/i>, 51, 178-184."},{"key":"49","unstructured":"Matsuoka, S., Matsumura, H., Nakamura, H., Oshiro, S., Arakawa, Y., Hayashi, J., Sekine, N., Nirei, K., Yamagami, H., Ogawa, M., Nakajima, N., Amaki, S., Tanaka, N. &amp; Moriyama, M. (2009) Zinc supplementation improves the outcome of chronic hepatitis C and liver cirrhosis. <i>J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr.<\/i>, 45, 292-303."},{"key":"50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morse, J.S., Lalonde, T., Xu, S. &amp; Liu, W.R. (2020) Learning from the past: possible urgent prevention and treatment options for severe acute respiratory infections caused by 2019-nCoV. <i>Chembiochem.<\/i>, 21, 730-738.","DOI":"10.1002\/cbic.202000047"},{"key":"51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murakami, Y., Koyabu, T., Kawashima, A., Kakibuchi, N., Kawakami, T., Takaguchi, K., Kita, K. &amp; Okita, M. (2007) Zinc supplementation prevents the increase of transaminase in chronic hepatitis C patients during combination therapy with pegylated interferon alpha-2b and ribavirin. <i>J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol.<\/i> (<i>Tokyo<\/i>), 53, 213-218.","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.53.213"},{"key":"52","unstructured":"National Institute of Health (2001) Zinc: fact sheet for health professionals. https:\/\/ods.od.nih.gov\/factsheets\/Zinc-HealthProfessional\/ [<i>Accessed<\/i>: June 3, 2020]."},{"key":"53","unstructured":"Neldner, K.H. &amp; Hambidge, K.M. (1975) Zinc therapy of acrodermatitis enteropathica. <i>N. Engl. J. Med.<\/i>, 292, 879-882."},{"key":"54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Overbeck, S., Uciechowski, P., Ackland, M.L., Ford, D. &amp; Rink, L. (2008) Intracellular zinc homeostasis in leukocyte subsets is regulated by different expression of zinc exporters ZnT-1 to ZnT-9. <i>J. Leukoc. Biol.<\/i>, 83, 368-380.","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0307148"},{"key":"55","unstructured":"Perry, D.K., Smyth, M.J., Stennicke, H.R., Salvesen, G.S., Duriez, P., Poirier, G.G. &amp; Hannun, Y.A. (1997) Zinc is a potent inhibitor of the apoptotic protease, caspase-3. A novel target for zinc in the inhibition of apoptosis. <i>J. Biol. Chem.<\/i>, 272, 18530-18533."},{"key":"56","unstructured":"Prasad, A.S. (2007) Zinc: mechanisms of host defense. <i>J. Nutr.<\/i>, 137, 1345-1349."},{"key":"57","unstructured":"Prasad, A.S., Beck, F.W., Bao, B., Fitzgerald, J.T., Snell, D.C., Steinberg, J.D. &amp; Cardozo, L.J. (2007) Zinc supplementation decreases incidence of infections in the elderly: effect of zinc on generation of cytokines and oxidative stress. <i>Am. J. Clin. Nutr.<\/i>, 85, 837-844."},{"key":"58","unstructured":"Prasad, A.S., Fitzgerald, J.T., Bao, B., Beck, F.W. &amp; Chandrasekar, P.H. (2000) Duration of symptoms and plasma cytokine levels in patients with the common cold treated with zinc acetate. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. <i>Ann. Intern. Med.<\/i>, 133, 245-252."},{"key":"59","unstructured":"Prasad, A.S., Meftah, S., Abdallah, J., Kaplan, J., Brewer, G.J., Bach, J.F. &amp; Dardenne, M. (1988) Serum thymulin in human zinc deficiency. <i>J. Clin. Invest.<\/i>, 82, 1202-1210."},{"key":"60","unstructured":"Qiu, M., Chen, Y., Chu, Y., Song, S., Yang, N., Gao, J. &amp; Wu, Z. (2013) Zinc ionophores pyrithione inhibits herpes simplex virus replication through interfering with proteasome function and NF-kappaB activation. <i>Antiviral Res.<\/i>, 100, 44-53."},{"key":"61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rahman, M.T. &amp; Idid, S.Z. (2020) Can Zn be a critical element in COVID-19 treatment? <i>Biol. Trace Elem. Res.<\/i>, doi: 10.1007\/s12011-020-02194-9 [Epub ahead of print].","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-020-02194-9"},{"key":"62","unstructured":"Raza, N. &amp; Khan, D.A. (2010) Zinc deficiency in patients with persistent viral warts. <i>J. Coll. Physicians Surg. Pak.<\/i>, 20, 83-86."},{"key":"63","unstructured":"Read, S.A., Obeid, S., Ahlenstiel, C. &amp; Ahlenstiel, G. (2019) The role of zinc in antiviral immunity. <i>Adv. Nutr.<\/i>, 10, 696-710."},{"key":"64","unstructured":"Satomura, K., Kitamura, T., Kawamura, T., Shimbo, T., Watanabe, M., Kamei, M., Takano, Y. &amp; Tamakoshi, A.; Great Cold Investigators-I (2005) Prevention of upper respiratory tract infections by gargling: a randomized trial. <i>Am. J. Prev. Med.<\/i>, 29, 302-307."},{"key":"65","unstructured":"Sazawal, S., Jalla, S., Mazumder, S., Sinha, A., Black, R.E. &amp; Bhan, M.K. (1997) Effect of zinc supplementation on cell-mediated immunity and lymphocyte subsets in preschool children. <i>Indian Pediatr.<\/i>, 34, 589-597."},{"key":"66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shankar, A.H. &amp; Prasad, A.S. (1998) Zinc and immune function: the biological basis of altered resistance to infection. <i>Am. J. Clin. Nutr.<\/i>, 68, 447S-463S.","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/68.2.447S"},{"key":"67","unstructured":"Simonart, T. &amp; de Maertelaer, V. (2012) Systemic treatments for cutaneous warts: a systematic review. <i>J. Dermatolog. Treat.<\/i>, 23, 72-77."},{"key":"68","unstructured":"Stadler, K., Masignani, V., Eickmann, M., Becker, S., Abrignani, S., Klenk, H.D. &amp; Rappuoli, R. (2003) SARS: beginning to understand a new virus. <i>Nat. Rev. Microbiol.<\/i>, 1, 209-218."},{"key":"69","unstructured":"Suara, R.O. &amp; Crowe, J.E. Jr. (2004) Effect of zinc salts on respiratory syncytial virus replication. <i>Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.<\/i>, 48, 783-790."},{"key":"70","unstructured":"te Velthuis, A.J., van den Worm, S.H., Sims, A.C., Baric, R.S., Snijder, E.J. &amp; van Hemert, M.J. (2010) Zn(2+) inhibits coronavirus and arterivirus RNA polymerase activity in vitro and zinc ionophores block the replication of these viruses in cell culture. <i>PLoS Pathog.<\/i>, 6, e1001176."},{"key":"71","unstructured":"Telford, W.G. &amp; Fraker, P.J. (1995) Preferential induction of apoptosis in mouse CD4+CD8+ alpha beta TCRloCD3 epsilon lo thymocytes by zinc. <i>J. Cell. Physiol.<\/i>, 164, 259-270."},{"key":"72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uwitonze, A.M., Ojeh, N., Murererehe, J., Atfi, A. &amp; Razzaque, M.S. (2020) Zinc adequacy is essential for the maintenance of optimal oral health. <i>Nutrients<\/i>, 12, 949.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12040949"},{"key":"73","unstructured":"Wang, H., Liu, B., Yin, X., Guo, L., Jiang, W., Bi, H. &amp; Guo, D. (2018) Excessive zinc chloride induces murine photoreceptor cell death via reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial signaling pathway. <i>J. Inorg. Biochem.<\/i>, 187, 25-32."},{"key":"74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., He, W., Yu, X., Hu, D., Bao, M., Liu, H., Zhou, J. &amp; Jiang, H. (2020a) Coronavirus disease 2019 in elderly patients: characteristics and prognostic factors based on 4-week follow-up. <i>J. Infect.<\/i>, 80, 639-645.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.03.019"},{"key":"75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, M., Cao, R., Zhang, L., Yang, X., Liu, J., Xu, M., Shi, Z., Hu, Z., Zhong, W. &amp; Xiao, G. (2020b) Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro. <i>Cell Res.<\/i>, 30, 269-271.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-0282-0"},{"key":"76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wessells, K.R. &amp; Brown, K.H. (2012) Estimating the global prevalence of zinc deficiency: results based on zinc availability in national food supplies and the prevalence of stunting. <i>PLoS One<\/i>, 7, e50568.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0050568"},{"key":"77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wessells, K.R., Singh, G.M. &amp; Brown, K.H. (2012) Estimating the global prevalence of inadequate zinc intake from national food balance sheets: effects of methodological assumptions. <i>PLoS One<\/i>, 7, e50565.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0050565"},{"key":"78","unstructured":"Wu, C., Liu, Y., Yang, Y., Zhang, P., Zhong, W., Wang, Y., Wang, Q., Xu, Y., Li, M., Li, X., Zheng, M., Chen, L. &amp; Li, H. (2020) Analysis of therapeutic targets for SARS-CoV-2 and discovery of potential drugs by computational methods. <i>Acta Pharm. Sin. B<\/i>, 10, 766-788."},{"key":"79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xue, J., Moyer, A., Peng, B., Wu, J., Hannafon, B.N. &amp; Ding, W.Q. (2014) Chloroquine is a zinc ionophore. <i>PLoS One<\/i>, 9, e109180.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0109180"},{"key":"80","unstructured":"Yuasa, K., Naganuma, A., Sato, K., Ikeda, M., Kato, N., Takagi, H. &amp; Mori, M. (2006) Zinc is a negative regulator of hepatitis C virus RNA replication. <i>Liver Int.<\/i>, 26, 1111-1118."},{"key":"81","unstructured":"Zangeneh, M., Nedaei, H.A., Mozdarani, H., Mahmoudzadeh, A. &amp; Salimi, M. (2019) Enhanced cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of gadolinium-doped ZnO nanoparticles on irradiated lung cancer cells at megavoltage radiation energies. <i>Mater. Sci. Eng. C Mater. Biol. Appl.<\/i>, 103, 109739."},{"key":"82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaslavsky, V. (1979) Inhibition of vaccinia virus growth by zinc ions: effects on early RNA and thymidine kinase synthesis. <i>J. Virol.<\/i>, 29, 405-408.","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.29.1.405-408.1979"},{"key":"83","unstructured":"Zumla, A., Chan, J.F., Azhar, E.I., Hui, D.S. &amp; Yuen, K.Y. (2016) Coronaviruses: drug discovery and therapeutic options. <i>Nat. Rev. Drug Discov.<\/i>, 15, 327-347."}],"container-title":["The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/tjem\/251\/3\/251_175\/_pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T16:01:20Z","timestamp":1667318480000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/tjem\/251\/3\/251_175\/_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1620\/tjem.251.175","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.20944\/preprints202004.0006.v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0040-8727","1349-3329"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0040-8727","type":"print"},{"value":"1349-3329","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020]]}}}