{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T16:02:32Z","timestamp":1781280152635,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Zhejiang University Press","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]],"date-time":"2024-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":59,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Front Inform Technol Electron Eng"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Simultaneously transmitting and reflecting reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (STAR-RISs) have been attracting significant attention in both academia and industry for their advantages of achieving 360\u00b0 coverage and enhanced degrees-of-freedom. This article first identifies the fundamentals of STAR-RIS, by discussing the hardware models, channel models, and signal models. Then, three representative categorizing approaches for STAR-RISs are introduced from the phase-shift, directional, and energy consumption perspectives. Furthermore, the beamforming design of STAR-RISs is investigated for both independent and coupled phase-shift cases. As a recent advance, a general optimization framework, which has high compatibility and provable optimality regardless of the application scenarios, is proposed. As a further advance, several promising applications are discussed to demonstrate the potential benefits of applying STAR-RISs in sixth-generation wireless communication. Lastly, a few future directions and research opportunities are highlighted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1631\/fitee.2300490","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]],"date-time":"2024-01-29T04:03:18Z","timestamp":1706500998000},"page":"1689-1707","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Simultaneously transmitting and reflecting (STAR) RISs for 6G: fundamentals, recent advances, and future directions","\u9762\u54116G\u7684\u878d\u5408\u900f\u5c04\u4e0e\u53cd\u5c04\u667a\u80fd\u8d85\u8868\u9762\u6280\u672f:\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u7406\u3001 \u6700\u65b0\u8fdb\u5c55\u548c\u672a\u6765\u65b9\u5411"],"prefix":"10.1631","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6389-8941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuanwei","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaqi","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaolin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xidong","family":"Mu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianhua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"635","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jproc.2022.3174030"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/mwc.010.2200312"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202100149"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/globecom46510.2021.9685199"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/twc.2022.3151702"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/lwc.2019.2919685"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jsac.2020.3007211"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jsac.2021.3071822"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/twc.2020.2970061"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/twc.2019.2922609"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/mwc.001.1900534"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/icn.2022.0005"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/lwc.2020.2966705"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tvt.2022.3214829"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jsac.2020.3041401"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/comst.2021.3077737"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/mwc.001.2100191"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/mwc.102.2100363"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref19","first-page":"169","article-title":"Simultaneously 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All the authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethics guidelines"}}]}}