{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T02:38:07Z","timestamp":1790735887101,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,6]],"date-time":"2015-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1425600000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Knowledge of cancer risk factors is unknown in Ireland. An understanding of risk factors could help inform cancer prevention programs.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Aims and Methods.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A 48-question online survey was designed to gather data to assess levels of public knowledge about cancer risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>There were 748 participants (648 women, 100 men). Mean age was 37 years (range: 18\u201374 years). For the public, 81% were concerned about developing cancer; however, 20% believed that cancer is unavoidable if a family history exists, 27% believed that &amp;gt;50% of cancers are inherited, and 54% believed that 10%\u201320% of cancers are inherited; 20% were unaware that risk increases with age. The top five risk factors listed by respondents were smoking (87%), diet (76%), genetics (47%), alcohol (42%), and obesity (33%). Only 32% of the public were aware that obesity is a risk factor, and 33% did not think the location of fat was important. Moreover, 29% and 48% believed that risk could be increased by wearing a tight bra and by a blow to the breast, respectively. In addition, 85% and 86% believed that stress and that mobile phones, respectively, \u201cstrongly\u201d increase risk; 12% believed that luck is important in avoiding cancer; 35% thought that \u201cdetox\u201d diets could reduce risk; and 61% believed that organic food reduces risk. The majority were aware that physical activity of 30 minutes per day can reduce risk.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A sizable portion of the population is misinformed about cancer risk. Most participants were aware of classic risk factors (e.g., smoking, diet); however, many overestimated risk attributable to genetics, environment, and stress and underestimated age, obesity, and sunlight. One in seven participants believed that lifetime risk of cancer is not modifiable.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2014-0453","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,7]],"date-time":"2015-03-07T02:43:26Z","timestamp":1425696206000},"page":"372-378","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Poor Awareness of Risk Factors for Cancer in Irish Adults: Results of a Large Survey and Review of the Literature"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Aoife M.","family":"Ryan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha","family":"Cushen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harri\u00ebt","family":"Schellekens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eadaoin Ni","family":"Bhuachalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Burns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ursula","family":"Kenny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derek G.","family":"Power","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Mercy University Hospital, Cork, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021122309233042800_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.20107","article-title":"Global cancer statistics","volume":"61","author":"Jemal","year":"2011","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"2021122309233042800_B2","volume-title":"World Cancer Report 2014","author":"Steward","year":"2014"},{"key":"2021122309233042800_B3","volume-title":"National Cancer Registry Ireland"},{"key":"2021122309233042800_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1784","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67725-2","article-title":"Causes of cancer in the world: Comparative risk assessment of nine behavioural and environmental risk factors","volume":"366","author":"Danaei","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2021122309233042800_B5","volume-title":"The Second Expert Report: Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity and the Prevention of Cancer: A Global Perspective","year":"2007"},{"key":"2021122309233042800_B6","volume-title":"Cancer Control: Knowledge Into Action. WHO Guide for Effective Programmes","year":"2007"},{"key":"2021122309233042800_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2010.07.028","article-title":"State of the epidemiological evidence on physical activity and cancer prevention","volume":"46","author":"Friedenreich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"2021122309233042800_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2097","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-008-9661-9","article-title":"Cancer is a preventable disease that requires major lifestyle changes","volume":"25","author":"Anand","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pharm Res"},{"key":"2021122309233042800_B9","volume-title":"AICR survey uncovers distorted perceptions about what causes cancer [press release]"},{"key":"2021122309233042800_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1080\/08858190802664834","article-title":"Sociodemographic characteristics, health beliefs, and the accuracy of cancer knowledge","volume":"24","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Cancer Educ"},{"key":"2021122309233042800_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.21194","article-title":"Sociodemographic determinants of cancer treatment health literacy","volume":"104","author":"Gansler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"2021122309233042800_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68183-X","article-title":"Stigma and global health: Developing a research agenda","volume":"367","author":"Keusch","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2021122309233042800_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68184-1","article-title":"Stigma and its public health implications","volume":"367","author":"Link","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"suppl 3","key":"2021122309233042800_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mds091","article-title":"Cultural beliefs and values in cancer patients","volume":"23","author":"Daher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"2021122309233042800_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-3506(01)00439-5","article-title":"Awareness of risk factors for cancer among British adults","volume":"115","author":"Wardle","year":"2001","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"2021122309233042800_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1006\/pmed.1996.0136","article-title":"Americans\u2019 knowledge of cancer risk and survival","volume":"26","author":"Breslow","year":"1997","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"2021122309233042800_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008975416756","article-title":"Public awareness of warning signs for cancer in Britain","volume":"12","author":"Brunswick","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"2021122309233042800_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-7435(03)00016-1","article-title":"Knowledge, attitudes, and behavioral intentions in relation to the early detection of colorectal cancer in the United Kingdom","volume":"36","author":"McCaffery","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"2021122309233042800_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2004.01.003","article-title":"Beliefs about the risk factors for cervical cancer in a British population","volume":"38","author":"Waller","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"2021122309233042800_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2008.08.003","article-title":"Awareness of lifestyle risk factors for cancer and heart disease among adults in the UK","volume":"74","author":"Sanderson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Patient Educ Couns"},{"key":"2021122309233042800_B21","volume-title":"Technical Report: Cancer Prevention Awareness Survey, Wave II","year":"1986"},{"key":"2021122309233042800_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-06-0608","article-title":"Fatalistic beliefs about cancer prevention and three prevention behaviours","volume":"16","author":"Niedereppe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"2021122309233042800_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.22880","article-title":"Prevalence and sociodemographic correlates of beliefs regarding cancer risks","volume":"110","author":"Stein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"2021122309233042800_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2004.11.010","article-title":"Secondary prevention of coronary heart disease: Patient beliefs and health-related behaviour","volume":"58","author":"Byrne","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"2021122309233042800_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1080\/13548500512331315334","article-title":"Perception of control over heart disease in people with an inherited predisposition to raised cholesterol","volume":"10","author":"Senior","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychol Health Med"},{"key":"2021122309233042800_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1006\/gyno.1997.4626","article-title":"Facts, misconceptions, and myths about cancer. What do patients with gynecological cancer and the female public at large know?","volume":"65","author":"Carlsson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gynecol Oncol"},{"key":"2021122309233042800_B27","first-page":"205","article-title":"Demographic factors associated with knowledge of colorectal cancer symptoms in a UK population-based survey","volume":"82","author":"Yardley","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann R Coll Surg Engl"},{"key":"2021122309233042800_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2004.11.015","article-title":"A survey of breast cancer awareness and knowledge in a Western population: Lots of light but little illumination","volume":"41","author":"McMenamin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"2021122309233042800_B29","first-page":"132","article-title":"Breast cancer knowledge and screening practices: A survey of 1,000 Asian women","volume":"50","author":"Sim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Singapore Med J"},{"key":"2021122309233042800_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665109991698","article-title":"Symposium 1: Overnutrition: Consequences and solutions. Obesity and cancer risk","volume":"69","author":"Key","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Nutr Soc"},{"key":"2021122309233042800_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa021423","article-title":"Overweight, obesity, and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of U.S. adults","volume":"348","author":"Calle","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2021122309233042800_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2010.02.013","article-title":"Prevalence of limited cancer knowledge in Singaporeans, its determinants and association with cancer screening","volume":"50","author":"Ong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"2021122309233042800_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2006.03.017","article-title":"Low levels of breast cancer risk awareness in young women: An international survey","volume":"42","author":"Peacey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"2021122309233042800_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/s13187-013-0461-5","article-title":"Cancer awareness changes after an educational intervention among undergraduate students","volume":"28","author":"Hwang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Cancer Educ"},{"key":"2021122309233042800_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2479","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.293.20.2479","article-title":"Physical activity and survival after breast cancer diagnosis","volume":"293","author":"Holmes","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2021122309233042800_B36","volume-title":"Physical activity and health: A report of the Surgeon General"},{"key":"2021122309233042800_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1097\/00008469-199409000-00009","article-title":"Estimating the level of knowledge of Greek students on cancer aetiology and ways of prevention","volume":"3","author":"Makris","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer Prev"},{"key":"2021122309233042800_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp08X342039","article-title":"Knowledge of risk factors in cancer","volume":"58","author":"Knowles","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"key":"2021122309233042800_B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2012.542","article-title":"Differences in cancer awareness and beliefs between Australia, Canada, Denmark, Norway, Sweden and the UK (the International Cancer Benchmarking Partnership): Do they contribute to differences in cancer survival?","volume":"108","author":"Forbes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"2021122309233042800_B40","volume-title":"The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General","year":"2004"},{"key":"2021122309233042800_B41","volume-title":"S.I. No. 110\/2004 - Public Health (Tobacco) Act 2002 (Commencement) Order 2004"},{"key":"2021122309233042800_B42","volume-title":"IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Alcohol Drinking","year":"1988"},{"key":"2021122309233042800_B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdg305","article-title":"European Code Against Cancer and scientific justification: Third version (2003)","volume":"14","author":"Boyle","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"2021122309233042800_B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2012.301199","article-title":"Alcohol-attributable cancer deaths and years of potential life lost in the United States","volume":"103","author":"Nelson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"2021122309233042800_B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S14","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2011.476","article-title":"3. Cancers attributable to consumption of alcohol in the UK in 2010","volume":"105","author":"Parkin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"2021122309233042800_B46","volume-title":"IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Alcohol Consumption and Ethyl Carbamate","year":"2010"},{"key":"2021122309233042800_B47","volume-title":"IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans: Personal Habits and Indoor Combustions","year":"2012"},{"key":"2021122309233042800_B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.22798","article-title":"Alcohol drinking cessation and its effect on esophageal and head and neck cancers: A pooled analysis","volume":"121","author":"Rehm","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"2021122309233042800_B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2006.12.025","article-title":"Resveratrol: A review of preclinical studies for human cancer prevention","volume":"224","author":"Athar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"2021122309233042800_B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2010.05853.x","article-title":"Clinical trials of resveratrol","volume":"1215","author":"Patel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"2021122309233042800_B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(08)70213-4","article-title":"The World Cancer Declaration: A roadmap for change","volume":"9","author":"Cavalli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"2021122309233042800_B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6600260","article-title":"Women's knowledge and beliefs regarding breast cancer","volume":"86","author":"Grunfeld","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"2021122309233042800_B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60814-3","article-title":"Health and economic burden of the projected obesity trends in the USA and the UK","volume":"378","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2021122309233042800_B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/S0936-6555(02)00416-8","article-title":"Cancer knowledge of the general public in the United Kingdom: Survey in a primary care setting and review of the literature","volume":"15","author":"Adlard","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol)"}],"container-title":["The Oncologist"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1634\/theoncologist.2014-0453","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1634\/theoncologist.2014-0453","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/oncolo\/article-pdf\/20\/4\/372\/41870621\/oncolo_20_4_372.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/oncolo\/article-pdf\/20\/4\/372\/41870621\/oncolo_20_4_372.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,24]],"date-time":"2021-12-24T02:48:32Z","timestamp":1640314112000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/oncolo\/article\/20\/4\/372\/6399002"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,6]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1634\/theoncologist.2014-0453","relation":{},"ISSN":["1083-7159","1549-490X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1083-7159","type":"print"},{"value":"1549-490X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,6]]}}}