{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T12:29:03Z","timestamp":1777120143046,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,14]],"date-time":"2015-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1436832000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The main reason for dose reduction of afatinib is gastrointestinal toxicity (GT). In a phase II study, we analyzed anthropometrical, nutritional, and biochemical factors associated with GT induced by afatinib.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Materials and Methods.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Patients diagnosed with non-small cell lung cancer who progressed to prior chemotherapy received 40 mg of afatinib. Malnutrition was determined by Subjective Global Assessment, and lean body mass (LBM) was determined by computed tomography scan analysis using a pre-established Hounsfield unit threshold. Toxicity was obtained during four cycles by Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Eighty-four patients were enrolled. Afatinib was administered as the second, third, and fourth line of treatment in 54.8%, 38.1%, and 7.12% of patients, respectively. Severe diarrhea, mucositis, and overall severe GT were present in 38.9%, 28.8%, and 57.5%, respectively. Of the patients, 50% developed dose-limiting toxicity (DLT). Patients with malnutrition have higher risk for severe GT. Patients with lower LBM and body mass index developed more DLT (71.4% vs. 18.8%).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion.<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Malnutrition is associated with a higher risk of severe GT induced by afatinib. Determination of nutritional status and body composition are helpful in identifying patients at higher risk of severe GT and could allow initiating treatment with lower doses according to tolerance.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Implications for Practice:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Body composition analysis, specifically lean body mass quantification, and nutritional status assessment are significant clinical variables to take into account when assessing oncological patients. This study on patients with non-small cell lung cancer treated with afatinib showed the important impact that malnutrition and low lean body mass have on the risk for developing dose-limiting toxicity and severe gastrointestinal toxicity. Still more research needs to be done to explore dose adjustment according to lean body mass, especially in drugs that are given at fixed doses, such as afatinib. However, this study presents evidence for the clinical oncologist to have a closer follow-up with malnourished patients and even to consider a lower starting dose until therapeutic dose is achieved.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2015-0058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,15]],"date-time":"2015-07-15T01:40:03Z","timestamp":1436924403000},"page":"967-974","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["Nutritional Status, Body Surface, and Low Lean Body Mass\/Body Mass Index Are Related to Dose Reduction and Severe Gastrointestinal Toxicity Induced by Afatinib in Patients With Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Oscar","family":"Arrieta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Thoracic Oncology Unit, Instituto Nacional de Cancerolog\u00eda, Mexico City, Mexico;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martha","family":"De la Torre-Vallejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thoracic Oncology Unit, Instituto Nacional de Cancerolog\u00eda, Mexico City, Mexico;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"L\u00f3pez-Mac\u00edas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thoracic Oncology Unit, Instituto Nacional de Cancerolog\u00eda, Mexico City, Mexico;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Orta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thoracic Oncology Unit, Instituto Nacional de Cancerolog\u00eda, Mexico City, Mexico;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jenny","family":"Turcott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thoracic Oncology Unit, Instituto Nacional de Cancerolog\u00eda, Mexico City, Mexico;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eleazar-Omar","family":"Macedo-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thoracic Oncology Unit, Instituto Nacional de Cancerolog\u00eda, Mexico City, Mexico;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karla","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Lara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thoracic Oncology Unit, Instituto Nacional de Cancerolog\u00eda, Mexico City, Mexico;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura-Alejandra","family":"Ram\u00edrez-Tirado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thoracic Oncology Unit, Instituto Nacional de Cancerolog\u00eda, Mexico City, Mexico;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vickie E.","family":"Baracos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, 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