{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T03:40:16Z","timestamp":1793418016276,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":128,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,13]],"date-time":"2016-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1468368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"ORAS Foundation"},{"name":"Oncological Research Albert Schweitzer Hospital"},{"name":"Leerhuis of the Albert Schweitzer Hospital"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>In several diseases, low muscle mass has been revealed as an unfavorable prognostic factor for outcome. Whether this holds true in patients with solid malignancies as well has increasingly been explored recently. However, this research field is severely hampered by a lack of consensus on how to determine muscle mass in cancer patients and on the definition of low muscle mass. Consequently, the prevalence of low muscle mass varies widely across several studies. Nevertheless, most studies show that, in patients with solid malignancies, low muscle mass is associated with a poor outcome. In the future, more research is needed to get better insight into the best method to determine muscle mass, the exact prognostic value of low muscle mass in diverse tumor types and stages, pathophysiology of low muscle mass in patients with cancer, and ways to intervene and improve muscle mass in patients. This review addresses the current literature on the importance of muscle mass in cancer patients and the methods of muscle measurement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2016-0066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,14]],"date-time":"2016-07-14T06:14:37Z","timestamp":1468476877000},"page":"1396-1409","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":190,"title":["The Prevalence and Prognostic Value of Low Muscle Mass in Cancer Patients: A Review of the Literature"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"H\u00e1nah N.","family":"Rier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnes","family":"Jager","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Sleijfer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea B.","family":"Maier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Aged Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark-David","family":"Levin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021122309522862300_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.12109","article-title":"Six-year longitudinal changes in body composition of middle-aged and elderly Japanese: Age and sex differences in appendicular skeletal muscle mass","volume":"14","author":"Kitamura","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geriatr Gerontol Int"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B209","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/56.5.B209","article-title":"Longitudinal muscle strength changes in older adults: Influence of muscle mass, physical activity, and health","volume":"56","author":"Hughes","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/61.10.1059","article-title":"The loss of skeletal muscle strength, mass, and quality in older adults: The health, aging and body composition study","volume":"61","author":"Goodpaster","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7357","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i24.7357","article-title":"Impact of muscle wasting on survival in patients with liver cirrhosis","volume":"21","author":"Kalafateli","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.12652","article-title":"Sarcopenic obesity and risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality: A population-based cohort study of older men","volume":"62","author":"Atkins","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370213505961","article-title":"Muscle wasting in collagen-induced arthritis and disuse atrophy","volume":"238","author":"De Oliveira Nunes Teixeira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp Biol Med (Maywood)"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1993","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-0264","article-title":"Excessive loss of skeletal muscle mass in older adults with type 2 diabetes","volume":"32","author":"Park","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2015.10.003","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus infection and its association with sarcopenia","volume":"20","author":"Pinto Neto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Braz J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.24025","article-title":"The impact of sarcopenia on survival and complications in surgical oncology: A review of the current literature","volume":"112","author":"Joglekar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/s13244-015-0414-0","article-title":"Imaging body composition in cancer patients: Visceral obesity, sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity may impact on clinical outcome","volume":"6","author":"Yip","year":"2015","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2015.09.001","article-title":"Computed tomography-defined muscle and fat wasting are associated with cancer clinical outcomes","volume":"54","author":"Kazemi-Bajestani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"O256","DOI":"10.1111\/codi.13067","article-title":"Sarcopenia, as defined by low muscle mass, strength and physical performance, predicts complications after surgery for colorectal cancer","volume":"17","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Colorectal Dis"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000001113","article-title":"Low muscularity and myosteatosis is related to the host systemic inflammatory response in patients undergoing surgery for colorectal cancer","volume":"263","author":"Malietzis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3264","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-06-3067","article-title":"Body composition as an independent determinant of 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy toxicity","volume":"13","author":"Prado","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2125.2002.01598.x","article-title":"Relationships between body composition parameters and fluorouracil pharmacokinetics","volume":"54","author":"Gusella","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(08)70153-0","article-title":"Prevalence and clinical implications of sarcopenic obesity in patients with solid tumours of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts: A population-based study","volume":"9","author":"Prado","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afq034","article-title":"Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: Report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People","volume":"39","author":"Cruz-Jentoft","year":"2010","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-012-0434-0","article-title":"Mortality as an adverse outcome of sarcopenia","volume":"17","author":"Arango-Lopera","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afs194","article-title":"Sarcopenia and mortality risk in frail older persons aged 80 years and older: Results from ilSIRENTE study","volume":"42","author":"Landi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2011.01.003","article-title":"Sarcopenia: an undiagnosed condition in older adults. Current consensus definition: Prevalence, etiology, and consequences. International working group on sarcopenia","volume":"12","author":"Fielding","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2009.12.004","article-title":"Consensus definition of sarcopenia, cachexia and pre-cachexia: Joint document elaborated by Special Interest Groups (SIG) \u201ccachexia-anorexia in chronic wasting diseases\u201d and \u201cnutrition in geriatrics\u201d","volume":"29","author":"Muscaritoli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2011.03.005","article-title":"Physiopathological mechanism of sarcopenia","volume":"27","author":"Walrand","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Geriatr Med"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd4467","article-title":"Muscle wasting in disease: Molecular mechanisms and promising therapies","volume":"14","author":"Cohen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms11041509","article-title":"Oxidative stress, molecular inflammation and sarcopenia","volume":"11","author":"Meng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"2021122309522862300_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glu057","article-title":"Chronic inflammation (inflammaging) and its potential contribution to age-associated diseases","volume":"69","author":"Franceschi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5618","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0501559102","article-title":"Decline in skeletal muscle mitochondrial function with aging in humans","volume":"102","author":"Short","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-013-9992-0","article-title":"Sarcopenic obesity in aging population: Current status and future directions for research","volume":"45","author":"Kohara","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/61.1.72","article-title":"Strength, but not muscle mass, is associated with mortality in the health, aging and body composition study cohort","volume":"61","author":"Newman","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/63.8.829","article-title":"Sarcopenia =\/= dynapenia","volume":"63","author":"Clark","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2012.07.020","article-title":"Sarcopenia: A novel clinical condition or still a matter for research?","volume":"13","author":"Cesari","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-013-9757-z","article-title":"Tools in the assessment of sarcopenia","volume":"93","author":"Cooper","year":"2013","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-012-9384-z","article-title":"Defining sarcopenia: The impact of different diagnostic criteria on the prevalence of sarcopenia in a large middle aged cohort","volume":"35","author":"Bijlsma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Age (Dordr)"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B33","first-page":"425","article-title":"Prevalence of sarcopenia: The impact of different diagnostic cut-off limits","volume":"14","author":"Beaudart","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1159\/000377699","article-title":"The impact of different diagnostic criteria on the prevalence of sarcopenia in healthy elderly participants and geriatric outpatients","volume":"61","author":"Reijnierse","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1177\/011542650602100168","article-title":"The origins of cachexia in acute and chronic inflammatory diseases","volume":"21","author":"Delano","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nutr Clin Pract"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(10)70218-7","article-title":"Definition and classification of cancer cachexia: An international consensus","volume":"12","author":"Fearon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-012-0807-8","article-title":"Muscle atrophy in aging and chronic diseases: Is it sarcopenia or cachexia?","volume":"8","author":"Muscaritoli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Intern Emerg Med"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2008.06.013","article-title":"Cachexia: A new definition","volume":"27","author":"Evans","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.3945\/an.113.005256","article-title":"Sarcopenia and the analysis of body composition","volume":"5","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2009.07.004","article-title":"Body composition changes with aging: The cause or the result of alterations in metabolic rate and macronutrient oxidation?","volume":"26","author":"St-Onge","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M436","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/58.5.M436","article-title":"Prevalence of sarcopenia and predictors of skeletal muscle mass in nonobese women who are long-term users of estrogen-replacement therapy","volume":"58","author":"Kenny","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2010.28608C","article-title":"Body composition in patients with non-small cell lung cancer: A contemporary view of cancer cachexia with the use of computed tomography image analysis","volume":"91","author":"Baracos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0000000000000088","article-title":"Bedside ultrasound measurement of skeletal muscle","volume":"17","author":"Mourtzakis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1139\/H08-075","article-title":"A practical and precise approach to quantification of body composition in cancer patients using computed tomography images acquired during routine care","volume":"33","author":"Mourtzakis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl Physiol Nutr Metab"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1998.85.1.115","article-title":"Cadaver validation of skeletal muscle measurement by magnetic resonance imaging and computerized tomography","volume":"85","author":"Mitsiopoulos","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2775","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/137.12.2775","article-title":"Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry is a valid tool for assessing skeletal muscle mass in older women","volume":"137","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2227","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2010.5","article-title":"Comparison of DXA and CT in the assessment of body composition in premenopausal women with obesity and anorexia nervosa","volume":"18","author":"Bredella","year":"2010","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2015-0068","article-title":"Use of prediction equations to determine the accuracy of whole-body fat and fat-free mass and appendicular skeletal muscle mass measurements from a single abdominal image using computed tomography in advanced cancer patients","volume":"41","author":"Kilgour","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl Physiol Nutr Metab"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2012.10.009","article-title":"Validity and reliability of tools to measure muscle mass, strength, and physical performance in community-dwelling older people: A systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Mijnarends","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2011.04.014","article-title":"Sarcopenia with limited mobility: An international consensus","volume":"12","author":"Morley","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2014.11.014","article-title":"Estimation of sarcopenia prevalence using various assessment tools","volume":"61","author":"Beaudart","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/52.1.52","article-title":"Body composition of humans: comparison of two improved four-compartment models that differ in expense, technical complexity, and radiation exposure","volume":"52","author":"Heymsfield","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009520","article-title":"Epidemiology of sarcopenia among the elderly in New Mexico","volume":"147","author":"Baumgartner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1532-5415.2003.51534.x","article-title":"Sarcopenia: Alternative definitions and associations with lower extremity function","volume":"51","author":"Newman","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2013.05.032","article-title":"Muscle wasting in cancer","volume":"45","author":"Johns","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s00280-010-1288-y","article-title":"An exploratory study of body composition as a determinant of epirubicin pharmacokinetics and toxicity","volume":"67","author":"Prado","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Chemother Pharmacol"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1677\/JOE-07-0606","article-title":"Mechanisms of glucocorticoid-induced myopathy","volume":"197","author":"Schakman","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-012-1923-5","article-title":"Impact of sarcopenia on outcomes following resection of pancreatic adenocarcinoma","volume":"16","author":"Peng","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Gastrointest Surg"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-015-2835-y","article-title":"Impact total psoas volume on short- and long-term outcomes in patients undergoing curative resection for pancreatic adenocarcinoma: A new tool to assess sarcopenia [published correction appears in J Gastrointest Surg 2016 20:1082]","volume":"19","author":"Amini","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Gastrointest Surg"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.23862","article-title":"Sarcopenia is an independent predictor of complications following pancreatectomy for adenocarcinoma","volume":"111","author":"Joglekar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2013.12.047","article-title":"Sarcopenia as a predictor of complications and survival following radical cystectomy","volume":"191","author":"Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2012.45.2722","article-title":"Cancer cachexia in the age of obesity: Skeletal muscle depletion is a powerful prognostic factor, independent of body mass index","volume":"31","author":"Martin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.3109\/10428194.2013.816421","article-title":"Sarcopenia is an independent prognostic factor in elderly patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma treated with immunochemotherapy","volume":"55","author":"Lanic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Leuk Lymphoma"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00744.2004","article-title":"Total body skeletal muscle and adipose tissue volumes: Estimation from a single abdominal cross-sectional image","volume":"97","author":"Shen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-014-3110-4","article-title":"Assessment of sarcopenia and changes in body composition after neoadjuvant chemotherapy and associations with clinical outcomes in oesophageal cancer","volume":"24","author":"Yip","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2015.05.011","article-title":"Sarcopenic obesity: A probable risk factor for dose limiting toxicity during neo-adjuvant chemotherapy in oesophageal cancer patients","volume":"35","author":"Anandavadivelan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2013.06.026","article-title":"Body composition and survival in the early clinical trials setting","volume":"49","author":"Veasey Rodrigues","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.02.031","article-title":"Sarcopenia, intramuscular fat deposition, and visceral adiposity independently predict the outcomes of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"63","author":"Fujiwara","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e318293a825","article-title":"Sarcopenia as a prognostic index of nutritional status in concurrent cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"47","author":"Meza-Junco","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2014.11.040","article-title":"Sarcopenia is associated with toxicity in patients undergoing neo-adjuvant chemotherapy for oesophago-gastric cancer","volume":"41","author":"Tan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3625","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-015-4429-z","article-title":"Skeletal muscle depletion is associated with severe postoperative complications in patients undergoing cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy for peritoneal carcinomatosis of colorectal cancer [published correction appears in Ann Surg Oncol 2015 22:S1610]","volume":"22","author":"Van Vugt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2014.894103","article-title":"Sarcopenia is linked to treatment toxicity in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer","volume":"66","author":"Barret","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr Cancer"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/ejh.12285","article-title":"Prognostic impact of fat tissue loss and cachexia assessed by computed tomography scan in elderly patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma treated with immunochemotherapy","volume":"93","author":"Camus","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Haematol"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.3109\/0284186X.2014.953259","article-title":"Changes in skeletal muscle mass during palliative chemotherapy in patients with advanced lung cancer","volume":"54","author":"Stene","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Oncol"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2014.117","article-title":"Sarcopenia, sarcopenic obesity and mortality in older adults: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III","volume":"68","author":"Batsis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/60.2.213","article-title":"Prevalence of and risk factors for sarcopenia in elderly Chinese men and women","volume":"60","author":"Lau","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-014-0964-9","article-title":"Skeletal muscle depletion is an independent prognostic factor for hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"50","author":"Iritani","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2002.20.2.494","article-title":"Comprehensive geriatric assessment adds information to Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status in elderly cancer patients: An Italian Group for Geriatric Oncology Study","volume":"20","author":"Repetto","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7758","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.3483","article-title":"Skeletal muscle atrophy is attenuated in tumor-bearing mice under chemotherapy by treatment with fish oil and selenium","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afr051","article-title":"A review of the measurement of grip strength in clinical and epidemiological studies: Towards a standardised approach","volume":"40","author":"Roberts","year":"2011","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.2174\/18715206113139990322","article-title":"Assessment of nutritional status in cancer\u2013the relationship between body composition and pharmacokinetics","volume":"13","author":"Prado","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anticancer Agents Med Chem"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2920","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-08-2242","article-title":"Sarcopenia as a determinant of chemotherapy toxicity and time to tumor progression in metastatic breast cancer patients receiving capecitabine treatment","volume":"15","author":"Prado","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2012-0169","article-title":"The relationship between body composition and response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in women with operable breast cancer","volume":"17","author":"Del Fabbro","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Oncologist"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-199426040-00005","article-title":"Lean body mass as a predictor of drug dosage. Implications for drug therapy","volume":"26","author":"Morgan","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.621","article-title":"Lean body mass as an independent determinant of dose-limiting toxicity and neuropathy in patients with colon cancer treated with FOLFOX regimens","volume":"5","author":"Ali","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Med"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2015.07.001","article-title":"Low muscle mass is associated with chemotherapy-induced haematological toxicity in advanced non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"90","author":"Sj\u00f8blom","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-015-2499-4","article-title":"Sarcopenia is an independent prognostic factor in male patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","volume":"94","author":"Nakamura","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Hematol"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-014-2418-6","article-title":"Effect of muscle mass on toxicity and survival in patients with colon cancer undergoing adjuvant chemotherapy","volume":"23","author":"Jung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0129742","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0129742","article-title":"Negative impact of skeletal muscle loss after systemic chemotherapy in patients with unresectable colorectal cancer","volume":"10","author":"Miyamoto","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2011.08.008","article-title":"Marked changes in body composition following neoadjuvant chemotherapy for oesophagogastric cancer","volume":"31","author":"Awad","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.24015","article-title":"Sarcopenia is highly prevalent in patients undergoing surgery for gastric cancer but not associated with worse outcomes","volume":"112","author":"Tegels","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-015-4887-3","article-title":"Sarcopenia adversely impacts postoperative clinical outcomes following gastrectomy in patients with gastric cancer: A prospective study","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1007\/s10120-015-0546-4","article-title":"Sarcopenia is associated with severe postoperative complications in elderly gastric cancer patients undergoing gastrectomy","volume":"19","author":"Fukuda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastric Cancer"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6973","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-09-1525","article-title":"Sarcopenia in an overweight or obese patient is an adverse prognostic factor in pancreatic cancer","volume":"15","author":"Tan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2416","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-014-4285-2","article-title":"Characterization of anthropometric changes that occur during neoadjuvant therapy for potentially resectable pancreatic cancer","volume":"22","author":"Cooper","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2793","DOI":"10.1007\/s12032-012-0208-x","article-title":"Gemcitabine and oxaliplatin as second-line treatment in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma pre-treated with sorafenib","volume":"29","author":"Mir","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med Oncol"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1159\/000356760","article-title":"Sarcopenia, cachexia and aging: Diagnosis, mechanisms and therapeutic options\u2014a mini-review","volume":"60","author":"Ali","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.7823","article-title":"Body composition and outcome in patients undergoing resection of colorectal liver metastases","volume":"99","author":"Van Vledder","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1089\/end.2015.0492","article-title":"Does sarcopenia impact complications and overall survival in patients undergoing radical nephrectomy for stage III and IV kidney cancer?","volume":"30","author":"Peyton","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Endourol"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0139749","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0139749","article-title":"Skeletal muscle depletion predicts the prognosis of patients with advanced pancreatic cancer undergoing palliative chemotherapy, independent of body mass index","volume":"10","author":"Choi","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B101","article-title":"Prognostic and clinical impact of sarcopenia in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma","volume-title":"Dis Esophagus","author":"Harada","year":"2015"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-014-2534-3","article-title":"Prognostic impact of cancer cachexia in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"23","author":"Kimura","year":"2015","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0000000000000690","article-title":"Prognostic significance of CT-determined sarcopenia in patients with small-cell lung cancer","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2012.350","article-title":"Sarcopenia is associated with postoperative infection and delayed recovery from colorectal cancer resection surgery","volume":"107","author":"Lieffers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000000628","article-title":"Functional compromise reflected by sarcopenia, frailty, and nutritional depletion predicts adverse postoperative outcome after colorectal cancer surgery","volume":"261","author":"Reisinger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgo.2015.08.005","article-title":"Prevalence of sarcopenia in older patients with colorectal cancer","volume":"6","author":"Broughman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Geriatr Oncol"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2354.2012.01327.x","article-title":"The association of nutritional assessment criteria with health-related quality of life in patients with advanced colorectal carcinoma","volume":"21","author":"Thoresen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer Care (Engl)"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2012.05.009","article-title":"Nutritional status, cachexia and survival in patients with advanced colorectal carcinoma. Different assessment criteria for nutritional status provide unequal results","volume":"32","author":"Thoresen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2011.09.010","article-title":"Relationships among body mass index, longitudinal body composition alterations, and survival in patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer receiving chemoradiation: A pilot study","volume":"44","author":"Dalal","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114512001067","article-title":"Accelerated muscle and adipose tissue loss may predict survival in pancreatic cancer patients: The relationship with diabetes and anaemia","volume":"109","author":"Di Sebastiano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2015.1004728","article-title":"Comparing two classifications of cancer cachexia and their association with survival in patients with unresected pancreatic cancer","volume":"67","author":"Wesseltoft-Rao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr Cancer"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2009.24.9730","article-title":"Association of skeletal muscle wasting with treatment with sorafenib in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma: Results from a placebo-controlled study","volume":"28","author":"Antoun","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2013.58","article-title":"Sarcopenia and body mass index predict sunitinib-induced early dose-limiting toxicities in renal cancer patients","volume":"108","author":"Huillard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B114","article-title":"Body composition by computed tomography as a predictor of toxicity in patients with renal cell carcinoma treated with sunitinib","volume-title":"Am J Clin Oncol","author":"Cushen","year":"2014"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339.e17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2015.01.011","article-title":"Sarcopenia as a predictor of overall survival after cytoreductive nephrectomy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma","volume":"33","author":"Sharma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Urol Oncol"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-015-3963-1","article-title":"Markers of sarcopenia quantified by computed tomography predict adverse long-term outcome in patients with resected oesophageal or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer","volume":"26","author":"Tamandl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e37563","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037563","article-title":"Sarcopenia predicts early dose-limiting toxicities and pharmacokinetics of sorafenib in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"7","author":"Mir","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.9258","article-title":"Sarcopenia as a predictor of prognosis in patients following hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"100","author":"Harimoto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000000743","article-title":"Sarcopenia impacts on short- and long-term results of hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"261","author":"Voron","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9612","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms16059612","article-title":"Skeletal muscle depletion predicts the prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma treated with sorafenib","volume":"16","author":"Imai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2015.07.001","article-title":"Visceral fat area predicts survival in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors","volume":"47","author":"Nault","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1111\/hepr.12562","article-title":"Sarcopenia is a risk factor for the recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after curative treatment","volume":"46","author":"Kamachi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatol Res"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2014.11.088","article-title":"Mortality after radical cystectomy: impact of obesity versus adiposity after adjusting for skeletal muscle wasting","volume":"193","author":"Psutka","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0115895","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115895","article-title":"Sarcopenia as a prognostic biomarker of advanced urothelial carcinoma","volume":"10","author":"Fukushima","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2123","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-013-2348-5","article-title":"Impact of sarcopenia on outcomes following intra-arterial therapy of hepatic malignancies","volume":"17","author":"Dodson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Gastrointest Surg"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1007\/s10637-013-0053-6","article-title":"Low skeletal muscle is associated with toxicity in patients included in phase I trials","volume":"32","author":"Cousin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest New Drugs"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S0261-5614(15)30121-7","article-title":"The impact of sarcopenia and myosteatosis on outcomes of unresectable pancreatic cancer or distal cholangiocarcinoma","volume-title":"Clin Nutr","author":"Rollins","year":"2015"},{"key":"2021122309522862300_B128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2075","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-015-2997-x","article-title":"Sarcopenia and inflammation are independent predictors of survival in male patients newly diagnosed with small cell lung cancer","volume":"24","author":"Go","year":"2016","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer"}],"container-title":["The Oncologist"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1634\/theoncologist.2016-0066","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1634\/theoncologist.2016-0066","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/oncolo\/article-pdf\/21\/11\/1396\/41874702\/oncolo_21_11_1396.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/oncolo\/article-pdf\/21\/11\/1396\/41874702\/oncolo_21_11_1396.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,24]],"date-time":"2021-12-24T04:10:11Z","timestamp":1640319011000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/oncolo\/article\/21\/11\/1396\/6401218"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,13]]},"references-count":128,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1634\/theoncologist.2016-0066","relation":{},"ISSN":["1083-7159","1549-490X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1083-7159","type":"print"},{"value":"1549-490X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,13]]}}}