{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T12:04:05Z","timestamp":1791288245047,"version":"4.3.0"},"reference-count":131,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,1]],"date-time":"2003-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1044057600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["CA61384"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA61384"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["CA94237"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA94237"]}]},{"name":"General Clinical Research Center at Baylor College of Medicine","award":["RR00188"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RR00188"]}]},{"name":"Ter Meulen Fund of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences"},{"name":"Ank van Vlissingen Fund"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004622","name":"Dutch Cancer Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004622","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Learning Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>After completing this course, the reader will be able to:Explain the pathogenesis of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease.Identify patients at risk for post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease.Appreciate the rationale for using immunotherapy approaches in Epstein-Barr virus-associated malignancies.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Access and take the CME test online and receive one hour of AMA PRA category 1 credit at CME.TheOncologist.com<\/jats:p><jats:p>Latent Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is associated with several malignancies, including Burkitt's lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (LPD). The presence of EBV antigens in these tumors provides a target for immunotherapy approaches, and immunotherapy with EBV-specific cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) has proved effective in post-transplant LPDs, which are highly immunogenic tumors expressing type III latency. The malignant cells in Hodgkin's disease and nasopharyngeal carcinoma express type II latency and hence a more restricted pattern of EBV antigens. Trials with autologous EBV-specific CTL responses are under way in both of these diseases, and while some activity has been seen, no patient has yet been cured. This reduced CTL efficacy may reflect either downregulation of immunodominant EBV proteins, which are major CTL targets, or the ability of these tumors to evade the immune response by secreting inhibitory cytokines. Further improvement of EBV-specific CTL therapy for these type II latency tumors will require improved methods to activate and expand CTLs specific for the subdominant EBV genes expressed and to genetically modify the expanded CTLs to render them resistant to inhibitory cytokines. If these strategies to improve the therapeutic potential of immunotherapy for EBV-associated tumors prove successful, this type of treatment may be adapted to other tumors expressing known (viral) antigens.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.8-1-83","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,24]],"date-time":"2004-08-24T21:38:39Z","timestamp":1093383519000},"page":"83-98","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Immunotherapy for Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Cancers in Children"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Karin C.M.","family":"Straathof","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine M.","family":"Bollard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cliona M.","family":"Rooney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen E.","family":"Heslop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021122209331838200_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200008173430707","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus infection","volume":"343","author":"Cohen","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2021122209331838200_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9896(199706)182:2<151::AID-PATH824>3.0.CO;2-3","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection in infectious mononucleosis: virus latency, replication and phenotype of EBV-infected cells","volume":"182","author":"Niedobitek","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"2021122209331838200_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198405103101905","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus replication in oropharyngeal epithelial cells","volume":"310","author":"Sixbey","year":"1984","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2021122209331838200_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3715","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.66.6.3715-3724.1992","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus latent gene expression in uncultured peripheral blood lymphocytes","volume":"66","author":"Qu","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2021122209331838200_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7374","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.68.11.7374-7385.1994","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus latency in blood mononuclear cells: analysis of viral gene transcription during primary infection and in the carrier state","volume":"68","author":"Tierney","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2021122209331838200_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S1040-8428(00)00046-9","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus-associated malignancies: epidemiologic patterns and etiologic implications","volume":"34","author":"Hsu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Crit Rev Oncol Hematol"},{"key":"2021122209331838200_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19910915)68:6<1285::AID-CNCR2820680618>3.0.CO;2-5","article-title":"B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders after bone marrow transplant. 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