{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T03:29:34Z","timestamp":1793158174113,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,8,1]],"date-time":"2003-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1059696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The International Agency for Research on Cancer estimates that 25% of breast cancer cases worldwide are due to overweight\/obesity and a sedentary lifestyle. The preponderance of epidemiologic studies indicates that women who engage in 3\u20134 hours per week of moderate to vigorous levels of exercise have a 30%-40% lower risk for breast cancer than sedentary women. Women who are overweight or obese have a 50%-250% greater risk for postmenopausal breast cancer. Alcohol use, even at moderate levels (two drinks per day) increases risk for both premenopausal and postmenopausal breast cancer. Certain dietary patterns, such as high fat, low vegetables\/fruits, low fiber, and high simple carbohydrates, may increase risk, but definitive data are lacking. These lifestyle factors are likely associated with breast cancer etiology through hormonal mechanisms. The worldwide trends of increasing overweight and obesity and decreasing physical activity may lead to an increasing incidence of breast cancer unless other means of risk reduction counteract these effects. Thus, adoption of lifestyle changes by individuals and populations may have a large impact on the future incidence of this disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.8-4-326","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,24]],"date-time":"2004-08-24T21:38:39Z","timestamp":1093383519000},"page":"326-334","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":132,"title":["Behavioral Risk Factors in Breast Cancer: Can Risk Be Modified?"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Anne","family":"McTiernan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Prevention Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021122209330410100_R1","volume-title":"Weight Control and Physical Activity, IARC Handbooks of Cancer Prevention, Volume 6","author":"IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Cancer-Preventive Agents","year":"2002"},{"issue":"suppl 5","key":"2021122209330410100_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(20000301)88:5+<1248::AID-CNCR12>3.0.CO;2-1","article-title":"Associations between energy balance and body mass index and risk of breast carcinoma in women from diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds in the U.S","volume":"88","author":"McTiernan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa021423","article-title":"Overweight, obesity, and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of U.S. adults","volume":"348","author":"Calle","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/90.18.1371","article-title":"Tamoxifen for prevention of breast cancer: report of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project P-1 Study","volume":"90","author":"Fisher","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"issue":"suppl 6","key":"2021122209330410100_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S530","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200106001-00025","article-title":"Physical activity and cancer risk: dose-response and cancer, all sites and site-specific","volume":"33","author":"Thune","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.79.6.744","article-title":"Physical activity and risk of cancer in the NHANES I population","volume":"79","author":"Albanes","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R7","first-page":"805","article-title":"Long-term recreational physical activity and breast cancer in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I epidemiologic follow-up study","volume":"10","author":"Breslow","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009623","article-title":"Occupation and breast cancer mortality in a prospective cohort of US women","volume":"148","author":"Calle","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M251","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/53A.4.M251","article-title":"Physical activity, physical function, and the risk of breast cancer in a prospective study among elderly women","volume":"53A","author":"Cerhan","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Gerontol"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(20010915)92:6<1638::AID-CNCR1490>3.0.CO;2-Q","article-title":"Baseline recreational physical activity, history of sports participation, and postmenopausal breast carcinoma risk in the Netherlands Cohort Study","volume":"92","author":"Dirx","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a117056","article-title":"Physical activity and risk of breast cancer in the Framingham Heart Study","volume":"139","author":"Dorgan","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/S1047-2797(97)00042-2","article-title":"Risk factors, lifetime risk, and age at onset of breast cancer","volume":"7","author":"Fraser","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1985.273","article-title":"Lower prevalence of breast cancer and cancers of the reproductive system among former college athletes compared to non-athletes","volume":"52","author":"Frisch","year":"1985","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010847311422","article-title":"The effect of physical activity on breast cancer risk: a cohort study of 30,548 women","volume":"16","author":"Luoto","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200005000-00011","article-title":"Physical activity and incidence of postmenopausal breast cancer","volume":"11","author":"Moore","year":"2000","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008900512471","article-title":"Breast cancer risk and lifetime leisure-time and occupational physical activity (Sweden)","volume":"11","author":"Moradi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-7953-9_2","article-title":"The influence of physical activity on the incidence of site-specific cancers in college alumni","volume":"322","author":"Paffenbarger","year":"1992","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1097\/00008469-199309000-00002","article-title":"Life-long physical activity and cancer risk among Finnish female teachers","volume":"2","author":"Pukkala","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer Prev"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/90.15.1155","article-title":"Physical activity and breast cancer risk in a cohort of young women","volume":"90","author":"Rockhill","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2290","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.159.19.2290","article-title":"A prospective study of recreational physical activity and breast cancer risk","volume":"159","author":"Rockhill","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008827903302","article-title":"Physical activity and breast cancer risk in the College Alumni Health Study (United States)","volume":"9","author":"Sesso","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R22","first-page":"807","article-title":"Cancer incidence in the National Health and Nutrition Survey I. Follow-up data: diabetes, cholesterol, pulse and physical activity","volume":"4","author":"Steenland","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199705013361801","article-title":"Physical activity and the risk of breast cancer","volume":"336","author":"Thune","year":"1997","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/45.1.318","article-title":"Occupational exercise and risk of cancer","volume":"45","author":"Vena","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1054\/bjoc.1999.0987","article-title":"Breast cancer among former college athletes compared to non-athletes: a 15-year follow-up","volume":"82","author":"Wyshak","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3620","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19930601)71:11<3620::AID-CNCR2820711125>3.0.CO;2-S","article-title":"Occupational physical activity and the incidence of cancer of the breast, corpus uteri, and ovary in Shanghai","volume":"71","author":"Zheng","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1054\/bjoc.2001.2003","article-title":"Lifetime physical activity and risk of breast cancer","volume":"85","author":"Lee","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/154.5.442","article-title":"Physical activity and breast cancer risk in hispanic and non-hispanic white women","volume":"154","author":"Gilliland","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.1995.tb03032.x","article-title":"A large-scale, hospital-based case-control study of risk factors of breast cancer according to menopausal status","volume":"86","author":"Hirose","year":"1995","journal-title":"Jpn J Cancer Res"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005745824388","article-title":"Association of body mass index, physical activity, and reproductive histories with breast cancer: a case-control study in Gifu, Japan","volume":"43","author":"Hu","year":"1997","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res Treat"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.8.116","article-title":"Physical activity and the risk of breast cancer: a case-control study of Japanese women","volume":"8","author":"Ueji","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/86.18.1403","article-title":"Physical exercise and reduced risk of breast cancer in young women","volume":"86","author":"Bernstein","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1097\/00008469-199504000-00004","article-title":"Physical activity and risk of breast cancer","volume":"4","author":"Friedenreich","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer Prev"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/92.2.128","article-title":"Physical activity and breast cancer risk in women aged 20\u201354 years","volume":"92","author":"Verloop","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R35","first-page":"155","article-title":"Physical activity and breast cancer risk","volume":"5","author":"D'Avanzo","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-8049(99)00051-9","article-title":"Occupational and leisure time physical activity and the risk of breast cancer","volume":"35","author":"Levi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199611000-00006","article-title":"Occurrence of breast cancer in relation to recreational exercise in women age 50\u201364 years","volume":"7","author":"McTiernan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200111000-00005","article-title":"Influence of physical activity in different age and life periods on the risk of breast cancer","volume":"12","author":"Friedenreich","year":"2001","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0274(199610)30:4<430::AID-AJIM8>3.0.CO;2-Z","article-title":"Variation in female breast cancer risk by occupation","volume":"30","author":"Coogan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R40","article-title":"A prospective study of recreational physical activity and the risk of breast cancer in women aged 50\u201379 years: the Women's Health Initiative Cohort Study","volume-title":"JAMA","author":"McTiernan","year":"2003"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/90.5.389","article-title":"Population attributable risk for breast cancer: diet, nutrition, and physical exercise","volume":"90","author":"Mezzetti","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R42","first-page":"159","article-title":"Epidemiology of susceptibility to breast cancer","volume":"395","author":"Hulka","year":"1996","journal-title":"Prog Clin Biol Res"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/94.8.606","article-title":"Endogenous sex hormones and breast cancer in postmenopausal women: reanalysis of nine prospective studies","volume":"94","author":"The Endogenous Hormones and Breast Cancer Collaborative Group","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198007033030105","article-title":"Delayed menarche and amenorrhea in ballet dancers","volume":"303","author":"Frisch","year":"1980","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1981.03320140047029","article-title":"Delayed menarche and amenorrhea of college athletes in relation to age of onset of training","volume":"246","author":"Frisch","year":"1981","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1987.139","article-title":"The effects of moderate physical activity on menstrual cycle patterns in adolescence: implications for breast cancer prevention","volume":"55","author":"Bernstein","year":"1987","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00421100","article-title":"Effects of exercise on the serum concentrations of FSH, LH, progesterone, and estradiol","volume":"42","author":"Bonen","year":"1979","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198505233122103","article-title":"Induction of menstrual disorders by strenuous exercise in untrained women","volume":"312","author":"Bullen","year":"1985","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"2021122209330410100_R49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/45.1.277","article-title":"Adipose tissue as a source of hormones","volume":"45","author":"Siiteri","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115234","article-title":"The epidemiology of serum sex hormones in postmenopausal women","volume":"129","author":"Cauley","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-66-5-927","article-title":"Hormone and bone mineral status in endurance-trained and sedentary postmenopausal women","volume":"66","author":"Nelson","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008929714862","article-title":"Circulating levels of sex hormones and their relation to risk factors for breast cancer: a cross-sectional study in 1092 pre- and postmenopausal women (United Kingdom)","volume":"12","author":"Verkasalo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199505000-00022","article-title":"Association of dietary and life-style factors with sex hormones in postmenopausal women","volume":"6","author":"Newcomb","year":"1995","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199909000-00012","article-title":"The Physical Activity for Total Health (PATH) Study: rationale and design","volume":"31","author":"McTiernan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"suppl 13","key":"2021122209330410100_R55","first-page":"64a","article-title":"Energy balance\u2014an etiologic factor in human cancer: randomized trial of exercise effect on breast cancer biomarkers","volume":"100","author":"McTiernan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1097\/00008469-200102000-00003","article-title":"Review of anthropometric factors and breast cancer risk","volume":"10","author":"Friedenreich","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer Prev"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-2456(97)00078-0","article-title":"Design of the Women's Health Initiative clinical trial and observational study","volume":"19","author":"Women's Health Initiative Study Group","year":"1998","journal-title":"Control Clin Trials"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020239211145","article-title":"Obesity, body size, and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer: the Women's Health Initiative (United States)","volume":"13","author":"Morimoto","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03550170037029","article-title":"Dual effects of weight and weight gain on breast cancer risk","volume":"278","author":"Huang","year":"1997","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199205143262004","article-title":"Effect of family history, body-fat distribution, and reproductive factors on the risk of postmenopausal breast cancer","volume":"326","author":"Sellers","year":"1992","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R61","first-page":"2152","article-title":"Association of change in body mass with breast cancer","volume":"50","author":"Ballard-Barbash","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/1047-2797(92)90004-A","article-title":"Height and weight at various ages and risk of breast cancer","volume":"2","author":"Brinton","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R63","first-page":"681","article-title":"Body size, physical activity, and breast cancer hormone receptor status: results from two case-control studies","volume":"9","author":"Enger","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115570","article-title":"Increased incidence of carcinoma of the breast associated with abdominal adiposity in postmenopausal women","volume":"131","author":"Folsom","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a114137","article-title":"Overweight and changes in weight throughout adult life in breast cancer etiology. A case-control study","volume":"122","author":"Lubin","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0215(19980330)76:1<29::AID-IJC6>3.0.CO;2-#","article-title":"Body size in different periods of life and breast cancer risk in post-menopausal women","volume":"76","author":"Magnusson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116837","article-title":"Relation between anthropometric indicators and risk of breast cancer among Australian women","volume":"138","author":"Radimer","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/88.10.650","article-title":"Relative weight, weight change, height, and breast cancer risk in Asian-American women","volume":"88","author":"Ziegler","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0215(19980529)76:5<647::AID-IJC6>3.0.CO;2-Q","article-title":"Breast-cancer incidence in relation to height, weight and body-fat distribution in the Dutch \u201cDOM\u201d cohort","volume":"76","author":"Kaaks","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009057","article-title":"Body size and risk of breast cancer","volume":"145","author":"Trentham-Dietz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6690667","article-title":"Risk of breast cancer in young women in relation to body size and weight gain in adolescence and early adulthood","volume":"81","author":"Coates","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R72","first-page":"187","article-title":"Expression of types 1, 2, and 3 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in subcutaneous abdominal and intra-abdominal adipose tissue of women","volume":"83","author":"Corbould","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008853601471","article-title":"Physical activity and cancer etiology: associations and mechanisms","volume":"9","author":"McTiernan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)10384-1","article-title":"Circulating concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I and risk of breast cancer","volume":"351","author":"Hankinson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-9877(97)90098-0","article-title":"Up-regulation of IGF binding protein-1 as an anticarcinogenic strategy: relevance to caloric restriction, exercise, and insulin sensitivity","volume":"48","author":"McCarty","year":"1997","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R76","first-page":"1597","article-title":"Effects of a 9-month strength training intervention on insulin, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF-binding protein (IGFBP)-1, and IGFBP-3 in 30\u201350-year-old women","volume":"11","author":"Schmitz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R77","volume-title":"Food, Nutrition and the Prevention of Cancer: a Global Perspective","author":"World Cancer Research Fund Panel (Potter JD Chair)","year":"1997"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.1016\/0959-8049(92)90077-F","article-title":"Additional ecological evidence: lipids and breast cancer mortality among women aged 55 and over in China","volume":"28A","author":"Marshall","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/80.11.802","article-title":"Aspects of the rationale for the Women's Health Trial","volume":"80","author":"Prentice","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"issue":"suppl 7","key":"2021122209330410100_R80","first-page":"2040s","article-title":"Relationship between dietary fat and experimental mammary tumorigenesis: a review and critique","volume":"52","author":"Welsch","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/89.7.488","article-title":"Effects at two years of a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet on radiologic features of the breast: results from a randomized trial. Canadian Diet and Breast Cancer Prevention Study Group","volume":"89","author":"Boyd","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"issue":"suppl 6","key":"2021122209330410100_R82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/68.6.1437S","article-title":"Soy intake and risk of breast cancer in Asians and Asian Americans","volume":"68","author":"Wu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/91.17.1511","article-title":"Re: Meta-analysis: dietary fat intake, serum estrogen levels, and the risk of breast cancer","volume":"91","author":"Holmes","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.6.769","article-title":"Intake of fruits and vegetables and risk of breast cancer: a pooled analysis of cohort studies","volume":"285","author":"Smith-Warner","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"suppl 18","key":"2021122209330410100_R85","first-page":"14S","article-title":"Cancer prevention clinical trials","volume":"20","author":"Greenwald","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/01635589909514742","article-title":"Development of a database for assessing dietary phytoestrogen intake","volume":"33","author":"Pillow","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nutr Cancer"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1177\/000313480206800612","article-title":"Genistein inhibits tamoxifen effects on cell proliferation and cell cycle arrest in T47D breast cancer cells","volume":"68","author":"Jones","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am Surg"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R88","first-page":"2474","article-title":"Dietary genistein negates the inhibitory effect of tamoxifen on growth of estrogen-dependent human breast cancer (MCF-7) cells implanted in athymic mice","volume":"62","author":"Ju","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)91174-7","article-title":"Dietary phyto-oestrogens and the menopause in Japan","volume":"339","author":"Adlercreutz","year":"1992","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"suppl 3","key":"2021122209330410100_R90","first-page":"757S","article-title":"Soybean phytoestrogen intake and cancer risk","volume":"125","author":"Adlercreutz","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R91","first-page":"A866","article-title":"Biological effects of plant oestrogens in premenopausal women","volume":"7","author":"Cassidy","year":"1993","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/94.17.1301","article-title":"Intake of dairy products, calcium, and vitamin d and risk of breast cancer","volume":"94","author":"Shin","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008857521992","article-title":"Relationships of serum carotenoids, retinol, alpha-tocopherol, and selenium with breast cancer risk: results from a prospective study in Columbia, Missouri (United States)","volume":"9","author":"Dorgan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011271222153","article-title":"Carotenoids, alpha-tocopherols, and retinol in plasma and breast cancer risk in northern Sweden","volume":"12","author":"Hulten","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R95","first-page":"451","article-title":"Prospective study of carotenoids, tocopherols, and retinoid concentrations and the risk of breast cancer","volume":"11","author":"Sato","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R96","first-page":"1104","article-title":"Interaction of dietary folate intake, alcohol, and risk of hormone receptor-defined breast cancer in a prospective study of postmenopausal women","volume":"11","author":"Sellers","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.281.17.1632","article-title":"A prospective study of folate intake and the risk of breast cancer","volume":"281","author":"Zhang","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2143","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.286.17.2143","article-title":"Alcohol and breast cancer: review of epidemiologic and experimental evidence and potential mechanisms","volume":"286","author":"Singletary","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6600596","article-title":"Alcohol, tobacco and breast cancer\u2014collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 53 epidemiological studies, including 58,515 women with breast cancer and 95,067 women without the disease","volume":"87","author":"Hamajima","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/1071-5576(94)00048-6","article-title":"The effect of acute ethanol ingestion on estrogen levels in postmenopausal women using transdermal estradiol","volume":"2","author":"Ginsburg","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Soc Gynecol Investig"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03540210055034","article-title":"Effects of alcohol ingestion on estrogens in postmenopausal women","volume":"276","author":"Ginsburg","year":"1996","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2021122209330410100_R102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(02)90346-9","article-title":"Dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein and amino acids","volume":"102","author":"Trumbo","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Diet Assoc"}],"container-title":["The Oncologist"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1634\/theoncologist.8-4-326","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1634\/theoncologist.8-4-326","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/oncolo\/article-pdf\/8\/4\/326\/41840025\/oncolo_8_4_326.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/oncolo\/article-pdf\/8\/4\/326\/41840025\/oncolo_8_4_326.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,29]],"date-time":"2023-04-29T06:47:57Z","timestamp":1682750877000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/oncolo\/article\/8\/4\/326\/6387148"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,8,1]]},"references-count":102,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,8,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1634\/theoncologist.8-4-326","relation":{},"ISSN":["1083-7159","1549-490X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1083-7159","type":"print"},{"value":"1549-490X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2003,8,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,8,1]]}}}