{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,13]],"date-time":"2026-11-13T07:30:36Z","timestamp":1794555036905,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,12,1]],"date-time":"2003-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1070236800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Learning Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>After completing this course, the reader will be able to:<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Explain the rationale for using HAI chemotherapy in patients with isolated liver metastases from colorectal cancer. Summarize the data from randomized clinical trials using HAI chemotherapy in patients with both unresectable and resectable metastases. Describe current approaches combining HAI chemotherapy with newer systemic chemotherapeutic or biologic agents.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Access and take the CME test online and receive one hour of AMA PRA category 1 credit at CME.TheOncologist.com<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Hepatic metastases are a frequent complication of colorectal cancer (CRC), affecting over half of all CRC patients. Resection of isolated metastases can result in long-term survival, but the majority of patients relapse, and most have unresectable disease. Hepatic arterial infusion (HAI) chemotherapy delivers high concentrations of cytotoxic agents directly to liver metastases with minimal systemic toxicities. Advances in surgical techniques, development of fully implantable pumps, and modification of drug regimens have decreased complications and improved patient tolerability. Randomized trials comparing HAI with systemic chemotherapy have demonstrated superior response rates and times to hepatic progression for unresectable disease, and have shown better times to progression and overall survival rates in the adjuvant setting following hepatic resection. HAI chemotherapy has unique toxicities, including chemical hepatitis and biliary sclerosis, which can be mitigated by the addition of dexamethasone to therapy. In an attempt to prevent extrahepatic progression, combinations of HAI with systemic chemotherapy, including newer agents such as irinotecan and oxaliplatin, are currently being investigated, with promising early results.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.8-6-553","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,24]],"date-time":"2004-08-24T21:38:39Z","timestamp":1093383519000},"page":"553-566","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":99,"title":["An Update on Hepatic Arterial Infusion Chemotherapy for Colorectal Cancer"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Adam D.","family":"Cohen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastrointestinal Oncology Service, Solid Tumor Division, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy E.","family":"Kemeny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastrointestinal Oncology Service, Solid Tumor Division, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021122209453153500_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3322\/canjclin.53.1.5","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2003","volume":"53","author":"Jemal","year":"2003","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"2021122209453153500_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9610(81)90057-X","article-title":"Natural history of patients with untreated liver metastases from colorectal cancer","volume":"141","author":"Bengtsson","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"2021122209453153500_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800720514","article-title":"Factors affecting survival in patients presenting with synchronous hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer: a clinical and computer analysis","volume":"72","author":"Finan","year":"1985","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"2021122209453153500_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.2930340204","article-title":"Diagnostic evaluation and survival analysis of colorectal cancer patients with liver metastases","volume":"34","author":"Brauw","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"2021122209453153500_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19960401)77:7<1254::AID-CNCR5>3.0.CO;2-I","article-title":"Surgical resection of colorectal carcinoma metastases to the liver. 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