{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T19:27:18Z","timestamp":1791919638572,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,1]],"date-time":"2004-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1080777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006441","name":"Cancer Center Support","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 CA21765"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 CA21765"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006441","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Learning Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>After completing this course, the reader will be able to:<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Describe the known genetic alterations associated with pediatric supratentorial high-grade astrocytomas and diffuse brainstem gliomas. Discuss the clinical and biologic prognostic factors for children with supratentorial high-grade astrocytomas and diffuse brainstem gliomas. Explain the roles played by surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy in the treatment of children with supratentorial high-grade astrocytomas and diffuse brainstem gliomas.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Access and take the CME test online and receive one hour of AMA PRA category 1 credit at http:\/\/CME.TheOncologist.com<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Pediatric high-grade gliomas represent a heterogeneous group of tumors that accounts for 15%\u201320% of all pediatric central nervous system tumors. These neoplasms predominantly involve the supratentorial hemispheres or the pons, in which case the tumors are usually called diffuse brainstem gliomas. The diagnosis of supratentorial neoplasms is dependent on their histologic appearance. The maximum possible surgical resection is always attempted since the degree of surgical resection is the main prognostic factor for these patients. Older children (&amp;gt;3 years) with supratentorial neoplasms undergo a multimodality treatment comprised of surgical resection, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. The addition of chemotherapy seems to improve the survival of a subset of these children, particularly those with glioblastoma multiforme. However, 2-year survival rates remain poor for children with supratentorial neoplasms, ranging from 10%\u201330%.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>The diagnosis of a diffuse brainstem glioma is based upon typical imaging, dispensing with the need for surgery in the majority of cases. Radiation therapy is the mainstay of treatment for children with diffuse brainstem gliomas. The role of chemotherapy for these children is not clear, and it is, in general, employed in the context of an investigational study. Less than 10% of children with diffuse brainstem gliomas survive 2 years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Because the outcome for patients with either type of tumor is poor when standard multimodality therapy is used, these children are ideal candidates for innovative treatment approaches.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.9-2-197","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,24]],"date-time":"2004-08-24T21:38:39Z","timestamp":1093383519000},"page":"197-206","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":196,"title":["Supratentorial High-Grade Astrocytoma and Diffuse Brainstem Glioma: Two Challenges for the Pediatric Oncologist"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Alberto","family":"Broniscer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Hematology-Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amar","family":"Gajjar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Hematology-Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021122209311723200_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199412013312207","article-title":"Brain tumors in children","volume":"331","author":"Pollack","year":"1994","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2021122209311723200_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)64103-X","article-title":"Pediatric high-grade astrocytomas show chromosomal imbalances distinct from adult cases","volume":"158","author":"Rickert","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"2021122209311723200_R3","first-page":"1786","article-title":"Epidermal growth factor receptor expression and gene amplification in high-grade non-brainstem gliomas of childhood","volume":"5","author":"Bredel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"2021122209311723200_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2000.tb00258.x","article-title":"Preferential inactivation of the p53 tumor suppressor pathway and lack of EGFR amplification distinguish de novo high grade pediatric astrocytomas from de novo adult astrocytomas","volume":"10","author":"Sung","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain Pathol"},{"key":"2021122209311723200_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1038\/313144a0","article-title":"Amplification, enhanced expression and possible rearrangement of EGF receptor gene in primary human brain tumors of glial origin","volume":"313","author":"Libermann","year":"1985","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021122209311723200_R6","first-page":"1865","article-title":"Overexpression of the EGFR\/FKBP12\/HIF-2\u03b1 pathway identified in childhood astrocytomas by angiogenesis gene profiling","volume":"63","author":"Khatua","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"2021122209311723200_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa012224","article-title":"Expression of p53 and prognosis in children with malignant gliomas","volume":"346","author":"Pollack","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2021122209311723200_R8","first-page":"7404","article-title":"Age and TP53 mutation frequency in childhood malignant gliomas: results in a multi-institutional cohort","volume":"61","author":"Pollack","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"2021122209311723200_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19950215)75:4<1045::AID-CNCR2820750422>3.0.CO;2-K","article-title":"Survival of infants with malignant astrocytomas. 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