{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T04:32:11Z","timestamp":1793421131216,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"American Arachnological Society","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Arachnology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>As in other Palpimanidae, two pairs of posterior spinnerets present in typical Araneomorphae are vestigial in Palpimanus uncatus Kulczy\u0144ski, 1909, with only the anterior lateral spinneret (ALS) pair prominent. Nevertheless, in late juvenile and adult females, spigots appear in the ancestral posterior spinneret region (PS). Consistent with these spigots serving cylindrical silk glands, females construct substantial egg sacs. While juveniles and adults exhibit a compressed PS, in postembryos it is fully extended. Piriform silk gland (PI) spigots form a linear array on ALSs from the 1st stadium, increasing in number during ontogeny by addition of PIs of the tartipore-accommodated (T-A) subtype (i.e., functional during proecdyses). The number of T-A PIs added from one stadium to the next and locations occupied by their spigots often exhibit a stereotypic pattern, especially consistent in early instars. The number of non-T-A PIs remains constant through ontogeny from the 1st stadium: one per ALS rather than the two per ALS inferred in a few araneoids. The secondary major ampullate silk gland (2\u00b0 MaA) spigot, primitively uni-shafted among araneomorphs, has become modified into a multi-shafted spigot with extended base, the number of shafts increasing during ontogeny. However, the multiple ducts that connect to the shafts continue to be accommodated during proecdysis by a single enormous tartipore. Sexual dimorphism is present, with late stadium females having greater numbers of T-A PI spigots and 2\u00b0 MaA spigot shafts. Observations are presented pertaining to feeding behavior, sexual cannibalism (absent), habitat, winter diapause, numbers of molts, and longevity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1636\/joa-s-22-056","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,14]],"date-time":"2024-04-14T23:46:52Z","timestamp":1713138412000},"page":"41-70","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Spinneret spinning field ontogeny and life history observations in the spider Palpimanus uncatus Kulczy\u0144ski, 1909 (Araneae: Palpimanidae)"],"prefix":"10.1636","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Mark A.","family":"Townley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Instrumentation Center, University of New Hampshire, Parsons Hall W123, 23 Academic Way, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA; E-mail:"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1211","reference":[{"key":"54","unstructured":"YM Marusik  and EF Guseinov  \"Arthropoda Selecta.\"  12, \"Spiders (Arachnida: Aranei) of Azerbaijan. 1. New family and genus records.\" 29 (2003)"},{"key":"101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G Uhl  and DO Elias  \"Spider Behaviour: Flexibility and Versatility.\"  \"Communication.\" 127 (2011)","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511974496.006"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Kovoor,  \"Ecophysiology of spiders.\"  \"Comparative structure and histochemistry of silk-producing organs in arachnids.\" 160 (1987)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-71552-5_12"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"CE Griswold, JA Coddington, G Hormiga, et al.  \"Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society.\"  123, \"Phylogeny of the orb-web building spiders (Araneae, Orbiculariae: Deinopoidea, Araneoidea).\" 1 (1998)","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1998.tb01290.x"},{"key":"72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"HM. Peters,  \"Ecophysiology of Spiders.\"  \"Fine structure and function of capture threads.\" 187 (1987)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-71552-5_13"},{"key":"86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"A Russell-Smith, R Allison, M Askins, et al.  \"Bulletin of the British arachnological Society.\"  15, \"A provisional checklist and gazetteer of the spiders of Chios, Greece (Arachnida: Araneae).\" 133 (2011)","DOI":"10.13156\/arac.2010.15.5.133"},{"key":"75","unstructured":"A. Petrunkevitch,  \"Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences.\"  31, \"An inquiry into the natural classification of spiders, based on a study of their internal anatomy.\" 299 (1933)"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"F Cala-Riquelme, L Quijano-Cuervo, A Sabogal-Gonz\u00e1lez, et al.  \"Zootaxa.\"  4442, \"New species of Otiothopinae (Araneae: Palpimanidae) from Colombia.\" 413 (2018)","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.4442.3.4"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"AM Cerveira  and RR Jackson  \"Journal of East African Natural History.\"  94, \"Specialised predation by Palpimanus sp. (Araneae: Palpimanidae) on jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae).\" 303 (2005)","DOI":"10.2982\/0012-8317(2005)94[303:SPBPSA]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AD Oketch, S Zonstein, EN Kioko, et al.  \"African Invertebrates.\"  61, \"Description of a new genus and three new species of the family Palpimanidae (Arachnida, Araneae) from Kenya.\" 93 (2020)","DOI":"10.3897\/afrinvertebr.61.54004"},{"key":"77","unstructured":"NI. Platnick,  \"American Museum Novitates.\"  2562, \"A revision of the palpimanid spiders of the new subfamily Otiothopinae (Araneae, Palpimanidae).\" 1 (1975)"},{"key":"78","unstructured":"NI. Platnick,  \"Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society.\"  5, \"A review of the spider subfamily Palpimaninae (Araneae, Palpimanidae), I.\" 169 (1981)"},{"key":"80","unstructured":"NI Platnick, CJ Grismado, MJ Ram\u00edrez,  \"American Museum Novitates.\"  3257, \"On the genera of the spider subfamily Otiothopinae (Araneae, Palpimanidae).\" 1 (1999)"},{"key":"114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SL Zonstein  and YM Marusik  \"African Invertebrates.\"  60, \"On the revisited types of four poorly known African species of Palpimanus (Araneae, Palpimanidae).\" 83 (2019)","DOI":"10.3897\/afrinvertebr.60.34229"},{"key":"115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SL Zonstein  and YM Marusik  \"African Invertebrates.\"  61, \"Two new species of Diaphorocellus Simon, 1893 from Madagascar (Araneae, Palpimanidae).\" 1 (2020)","DOI":"10.3897\/AfrInvertebr.61.47048"},{"key":"105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"WC Wheeler, JA Coddington, LM Crowley, et al.  \"Cladistics.\"  33, \"The spider tree of life: phylogeny of Araneae based on target-gene analyses from an extensive taxon sampling.\" 574 (2017)","DOI":"10.1111\/cla.12182"},{"key":"55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O Mich\u00e1lek, L Petr\u00e1kov\u00e1, S Pek\u00e1r,  \"Ecology and Evolution.\"  7, \"Capture efficiency and trophic adaptations of a specialist and generalist predator: a comparison.\" 2756 (2017)","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.2812"},{"key":"67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Pek\u00e1r, E L\u00edznarov\u00e1, O Bo\u010d\u00e1nek, et al.  \"Journal of Animal Ecology.\"  87, \"Venom of prey-specialized spiders is more toxic to their preferred prey: A result of prey-specific toxins.\" 1639 (2018)","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.12900"},{"key":"87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N Scharff  and JA Coddington  \"Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society.\"  120, \"A phylogenetic analysis of the orb-weaving spider family Araneidae (Arachnida, Araneae).\" 355 (1997)","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1997.tb01281.x"},{"key":"57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"JA Miller, CE Griswold, N Scharff, et al.  \"ZooKeys.\"  195, \"The velvet spiders: an atlas of the Eresidae (Arachnida, Araneae).\" 1 (2012)","DOI":"10.3897\/zookeys.195.2342"},{"key":"81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G Pompozzi, LF Garc\u00eda, L Petr\u00e1kov\u00e1, et al.  \"Ecological Entomology.\"  44, \"Distinct feeding strategies of generalist and specialist spiders.\" 129 (2019)","DOI":"10.1111\/een.12683"},{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"RE Alfaro, CE Griswold, KB Miller,  \"PeerJ.\"  6, \"Comparative spigot ontogeny across the spider tree of life.\" e4233 (2018a)","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.4233"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"RE Alfaro, CE Griswold, KB Miller,  \"Invertebrate Biology.\"  137, \"The ontogeny of the spinning apparatus of Tengella perfuga (Araneae: Zoropsidae).\" 187 (2018b)","DOI":"10.1111\/ivb.12219"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"NA Ayoub, K Friend, T Clarke, et al.  \"Integrative and Comparative Biology.\"  61, \"Protein composition and associated material properties of cobweb spiders' gumfoot glue droplets.\" 1459 (2021)","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icab086"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"FG. Barth,  \"A Spider's World: Senses and Behavior.\"  (2002)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-04899-3"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"LR Benavides  and G Hormiga  \"Zootaxa.\"  4064, \"Taxonomic revision of the Neotropical pirate spiders of the genus Gelanor Thorell, 1869 (Araneae, Mimetidae) with the description of five new species.\" 1 (2016)","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.4064.1.1"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"LR Benavides, G Giribet, G Hormiga,  \"Cladistics.\"  33, \"Molecular phylogenetic analysis of \u201cpirate spiders\u201d (Araneae, Mimetidae) with the description of a new African genus and the first report of maternal care in the family.\" 375 (2017)","DOI":"10.1111\/cla.12174"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"TA Blackledge, M Kuntner, I Agnarsson,  \"Advances in Insect Physiology.\"  41, \"The form and function of spider orb webs: Evolution from silk to ecosystems.\" 175 (2011)","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-415919-8.00004-5"},{"key":"8","unstructured":"R Bosmans, L Baert, J Bosselaers, et al.  \"Newsletter of the Belgian Arachnological Society, Arachnological Contributions.\"  24, \"Spiders of Lesbos (Greece): A catalogue with all currently known spider reports from the Eastern Aegean Island of Lesbos.\" 1 (2009)"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"RC Chaw  and CY Hayashi  \"Journal of Arachnology.\"  46, \"Dissection of silk glands in the Western black widow Latrodectus hesperus.\" 159 (2018)","DOI":"10.1636\/JoA-16-S-063.1"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"TH Clarke, JE Garb, RA Haney, et al.  \"Scientific Reports.\"  7, \"Evolutionary shifts in gene expression decoupled from gene duplication across functionally distinct spider silk glands.\" 8393 (2017)","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-07388-1"},{"key":"13","unstructured":"J. Coddington,  \"Verhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg (NF).\"  26, \"A temporary slide mount allowing precise manipulation of small structures.\" 291 (1983)"},{"key":"14","unstructured":"JA. Coddington,  \"Journal of Arachnology.\"  17, \"Spinneret silk spigot morphology: evidence for the monophyly of orbweaving spiders, Cyrtophorinae (Araneidae), and the group Theridiidae plus Nesticidae.\" 71 (1989)"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JA Coddington, HD Chanzy, CL Jackson, et al.  \"Biomacromolecules.\"  3, \"The unique ribbon morphology of the major ampullate silk of spiders from the genus Loxosceles (recluse spiders).\" 5 (2002)","DOI":"10.1021\/bm010108m"},{"key":"16","unstructured":"AS Dippenaar-Schoeman  and CR Haddad  \"Spiders of the Grassland Biome (Plant Protection Research Institute Handbook No. 19).\"  (2014)"},{"key":"17","unstructured":"AS Dippenaar-Schoeman  and R Jocqu\u00e9  \"African Spiders: An Identification Manual (Plant Protection Research Institute Handbook No. 9).\"  (1997)"},{"key":"18","unstructured":"AS Dippenaar-Schoeman  and AM van den Berg  \"Spiders of the Kalahari (Plant Protection Research Institute Handbook No. 18).\"  (2010)"},{"key":"19","unstructured":"AS Dippenaar-Schoeman, SH Foord, CR Haddad,  \"Spiders of the Savanna Biome.\"  (2013)"},{"key":"20","unstructured":"AS Dippenaar\u2013Schoeman, CR Haddad, SH Foord, et al.  \"2020 version.\"  1, \"South African National Survey of Arachnida Photo Identification Guide: The Palpimanidae of South Africa.\" 1 (2020)"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P Dolej\u0161, J Buchar, L Kubcov\u00e1, et al.  \"Invertebrate Biology.\"  133, \"Developmental changes in the spinning apparatus over the life cycle of wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae).\" 2\u00b01 (2014)","DOI":"10.1111\/ivb.12055"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MR Downen  and PA Selden  \"Journal of Arachnology.\"  49, \"The earliest palpimanid spider (Araneae: Palpimanidae), from the Crato Fossil-Lagerst\u00e4tte (Cretaceous, Brazil).\" 91 (2021)","DOI":"10.1636\/JoA-S-19-059"},{"key":"23","unstructured":"MF. Downes,  \"Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society.\"  7, \"A proposal for standardization of the terms used to describe the early development of spiders, based on a study of Theridion rufipes Lucas (Araneae: Theridiidae).\" 187 (1987)"},{"key":"24","unstructured":"RR Forster  and NI Platnick  \"Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History.\"  178, \"A review of the archaeid spiders and their relatives, with notes on the limits of the superfamily Palpimanoidea (Arachnida, Araneae).\" 1 (1984)"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SN Gorb  and FG Barth  \"Zoomorphology.\"  116, \"A new mechanosensory organ on the anterior spinnerets of the spider Cupiennius salei (Araneae, Ctenidae).\" 7 (1996)","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02526925"},{"key":"27","unstructured":"CE Griswold, JA Coddington, NI Platnick, et al.  \"Journal of Arachnology.\"  27, \"Towards a phylogeny of entelegyne spiders (Araneae, Araneomorphae, Entelegynae).\" 53 (1999)"},{"key":"28","unstructured":"CE Griswold, MJ Ram\u00edrez, JA Coddington, et al.  \"Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 4th Series.\"  56, \"Atlas of phylogenetic data for entelegyne spiders (Araneae: Araneomorphae: Entelegynae) with comments on their phylogeny.\" 1 (2005)"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"X Guo, PA Selden, D Ren,  \"Proceedings of the Royal Society B.\"  2\u00b08, \"Maternal care in Mid-Cretaceous lagonomegopid spiders.\" 20211279 (2021)","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2021.1279"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. Heath,  \"An Introduction to Experimental Design and Statistics for Biology.\"  (1995)","DOI":"10.1201\/b12546"},{"key":"31","unstructured":"J Hern\u00e1ndez-Corral  and MA Ferr\u00e1ndez  \"Revista Ib\u00e9rica de Aracnolog\u00ed\u00e1.\"  30, \"Descripci\u00f3n de una especie nueva de Palpimanus Dufour, 1820 de Marruecos (Araneae: Palpimanidae), con notas sobre los Palpimanus del Mediterr\u00e1neo.\" 37 (2017)"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M Hilbrant  and WGM Damen  \"Arthropod Structure & Development.\"  44, \"The embryonic origin of the ampullate silk glands of the spider Cupiennius salei.\" 2\u00b00 (2015)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asd.2015.04.001"},{"key":"33","unstructured":"R Jocqu\u00e9  and AS Dippenaar-Schoeman  \"Spider Families of the World.\"  (2006)"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DP Knight  and F Vollrath  \"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B.\"  357, \"Spinning an elastic ribbon of spider silk.\" 219 (2002)","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2001.1026"},{"key":"35","unstructured":"J. Kovoor,  \"Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Zoologie et Biologie Animale, 12e S\u00e9rie.\"  14, \"\u00c9tude histochimique et cytologique des glandes s\u00e9ricig\u00e8nes de quelques Argiopidae.\" 1 (1972)"},{"key":"36","unstructured":"J. Kovoor,  \"L'Ann\u00e9e Biologique, 4e S\u00e9rie.\"  16, \"La soie et les glandes s\u00e9ricig\u00e8nes des arachnides.\" 97 (1977)"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Kovoor,  \"Canadian Journal of Zoology.\"  62, \"Anatomie, histologie et affinit\u00e9s de l'appareil s\u00e9ricig\u00e8ne des Hersilia Sav. et Aud. (Araneae: Hersiliidae).\" 97 (1984)","DOI":"10.1139\/z84-017"},{"key":"39","unstructured":"J. Kovoor,  \"Acta Zoologica Fennica.\"  190, \"The silk-gland system in some Tetragnathinae (Araneae: Araneidae). Comparative anatomy and histochemistry.\" 215 (1990)"},{"key":"40","unstructured":"J Kovoor  and A Lopez  \"V\u00e8me Colloque d'Arachnologie d'Expression Fran\u00e7aise, Comptes-Rendus.\"  \"Variation de l'appareil s\u00e9ricig\u00e8ne dans la famille des Araneidae: Cas des genres Cyclosa Menge et Nemoscolus Simon.\" 119 (1980)"},{"key":"41","unstructured":"J Kovoor  and A Lopez  \"Revue Arachnologique.\"  4, \"Anatomie et histologie des glandes s\u00e9ricig\u00e8nes des Cyrtophora (Araneae, Araneidae): affinit\u00e9s et corr\u00e9lations avec la structure et la composition de la toile.\" 1 (1982)"},{"key":"42","unstructured":"J Kovoor  and A Lopez  \"Revue Arachnologique.\"  7, \"L'appareil s\u00e9ricig\u00e8ne des Mecynogea Simon (Araneae, Araneidae).\" 205 (1988)"},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"J Kovoor  and HM Peters  \"Zoomorphology.\"  108, \"The spinning apparatus of Polenecia producta (Araneae, Uloboridae): Structure and histochemistry.\" 47 (1988)","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00312214"},{"key":"44","unstructured":"J Kovoor  and L Zylberberg  \"Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Zoologie et Biologie Animale, 12e S\u00e9rie.\"  16, \"Ultrastructure des canaux des glandes aciniformes d'Araneus diadematus Clerck (Araneae, Argiopidae).\" 5 (1974)"},{"key":"45","unstructured":"W. Kulczy\u0144ski,  \"Bulletin International de l'Acad\u00e9mie des Sciences de Cracovie, Classe des Sciences Math\u00e9matiques et Naturelles.\"  1909, \"Fragmenta Arachnologica, VIII.\" 667 (1909)"},{"key":"46","unstructured":"S. Lecigne,  \"Le Bulletin d'Arthropoda.\"  46, \"Inventaire aran\u00e9ologique dans la Province d'Izmir (Turquie) (Arachnida, Araneae).\" 5 (2011)"},{"key":"47","unstructured":"B. Le Peru,  \"The Spiders of Europe, a Synthesis of Data: Volume 1, Atypidae to Theridiidae (M\u00e9moires de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Linn\u00e9enne de Lyon No. 2).\"  (2011)"},{"key":"48","unstructured":"A Leroy  and J Leroy  \"Spiderwatch in Southern Africa.\"  (2000)"},{"key":"49","unstructured":"Y-J Lin  and S-Q Li  \"Acta Arachnologica Sinica.\"  29, \"Tibetima gen. nov., a new genus of palpimanid spiders from Tibet, China (Araneae, Palpimanidae).\" 85 (2020)"},{"key":"50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E L\u00edznarov\u00e1, L Sentensk\u00e1, F \u0160t'\u00e1hlavsk\u00fd, et al.  \"Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology.\"  72, \"Stridulation can suppress cannibalism in a specialised araneophagous predator.\" 127 (2018)","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-018-2541-3"},{"key":"51","unstructured":"DV Logunov, AV Gromov, VA Timokhanov,  \"Spiders of Kazakhstan.\"  (2012)"},{"key":"52","unstructured":"A Lopez, L Juberthie-Jupeau, MK Stowe,  \"M\u00e9moires de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Royale Belge d'Entomologie.\"  33, \"L'appareil s\u00e9ricig\u00e8ne de Kaira alba (Hentz) (Araneae: Araneidae).\" 119 (1986)"},{"key":"53","unstructured":"B. Machado A de,  \"Arquivos do Museu Bocage.\"  15, \"Observations in\u00e9dites sur le colulus et les fili\u00e8res de quelques Aran\u00e9ides, accompagn\u00e9es de notes critiques sur la morphologie compar\u00e9e des fili\u00e8res.\" 13 (1944)"},{"key":"56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O Mich\u00e1lek, L Kuhn-Nentwig, S Pek\u00e1r,  \"Toxins.\"  11, \"High specific efficiency of venom of two prey-specialized spiders.\" 687 (2019)","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11120687"},{"key":"58","unstructured":"MJ Moon  and WK Kim  \"Korean Arachnology.\"  5, \"Ultrastructure of the aciniform glands in Nephila clavata L. Koch (Araneae: Araneidae).\" 195 (1990)"},{"key":"59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GR. Mullen,  \"Transactions of the American Microscopical Society.\"  88, \"Morphology and histology of the silk glands in Araneus sericatus Cl.\" 232 (1969)","DOI":"10.2307\/3224495"},{"key":"60","unstructured":"JA Murphy  and MJ Roberts  \"Spider Families of the World and Their Spinnerets. Part I: Text; Part II: Plates.\"  (2015)"},{"key":"62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E-A Park  and M-J Moon  \"Animal Cells and Systems.\"  13, \"Silk spinning apparatuses in the cribellate spider Nurscia albofasciata (Araneae: Titanoecidae).\" 153 (2009)","DOI":"10.1080\/19768354.2009.9647207"},{"key":"63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Pek\u00e1r  and E L\u00edznarov\u00e1  \"Journal of Arachnology.\"  51, \"Importance of spider prey for development of a specialized araneophagous predator (Araneae: Palpimanidae).\" 114 (2023)","DOI":"10.1636\/JoA-S-22-017"},{"key":"64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Pek\u00e1r, JA Coddington, TA Blackledge,  \"Evolution.\"  66, \"Evolution of stenophagy in spiders (Araneae): evidence based on the comparative analysis of spider diets.\" 776 (2011a)","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.2011.01471.x"},{"key":"65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Pek\u00e1r, J \u0160obotn\u00edk, Y Lubin,  \"Naturwissenschaften.\"  98, \"Armoured spiderman: morphological and behavioural adaptations of a specialised araneophagous predator (Araneae: Palpimanidae).\" 593 (2011b)","DOI":"10.1007\/s00114-011-0804-1"},{"key":"66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Pek\u00e1r, LF Garc\u00eda, C Viera,  \"Behaviour and Ecology of Spiders: Contributions from the Neotropical Region.\"  \"Trophic niches and trophic adaptations of prey-specialized spiders from the Neotropics: A guide.\" 247 (2017)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-65717-2_10"},{"key":"68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Pek\u00e1r, LF Garc\u00eda, MW Bulbert,  \"Animal Behaviour.\"  170, \"Spiders mimic the acoustic signalling of mutillid wasps to avoid predation: startle signalling or Batesian mimicry?\" 157 (2020)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2020.10.015"},{"key":"69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Pek\u00e1r, L Petr\u00e1kov\u00e1 Du\u0161\u00e1tkov\u00e1, T Mach\u00e1\u010dkov\u00e1, et al.  \"Organisms Diversity & Evolution.\"  22, \"Gut-content analysis in four species, combined with comparative analysis of trophic traits, suggests an araneophagous habit for the entire family Palpimanidae (Araneae).\" 265 (2022)","DOI":"10.1007\/s13127-021-00525-9"},{"key":"70","unstructured":"D. Penney,  \"Common Spiders & Other Arachnids of The Gambia, West Africa.\"  (2009)"},{"key":"71","unstructured":"HM. Peters,  \"Verhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg (NF).\"  26, \"Struktur und Herstellung der Fangf\u00e4den cribellater Spinnen (Arachnida: Araneae).\" 241 (1983)"},{"key":"73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"HM. Peters,  \"Zoomorphology.\"  112, \"On the spinning apparatus and the structure of the capture threads of Deinopis subrufus (Araneae, Deinopidae).\" 27 (1992)","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01632992"},{"key":"74","unstructured":"HM Peters  and J Kovoor  \"Zoologische Jahrb\u00fccher: Abteilung f\u00fcrallgemeine Zoologie und Physiologie der Tiere.\"  93, \"Die Herstellung der Eierkokons bei der Spinne Polenecia producta (Simon, 1873) in Beziehung zu den Leistungen des Spinnapparates [The construction of egg-cases by the spider Polenecia producta (Simon, 1873) in relation to the functions of the spinning apparatus\" 125 (1989)"},{"key":"76","unstructured":"A. Petrunkevitch,  \"Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences.\"  34, \"A study of amber spiders.\" 119 (1942)"},{"key":"79","unstructured":"NI Platnick, JA Coddington, RR Forster, et al.  \"American Museum Novitates.\"  3016, \"Spinneret morphology and the phylogeny of haplogyne spiders (Araneae, Araneomorphae).\" 1 (1991)"},{"key":"82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DA Prajapati, NK Hun, JV Raval,  \"Arthropoda Selecta.\"  30, \"A new species and a new combination in Palpimanus Dufour, 1820 from India (Aranei: Palpimanidae).\" 541 (2021)","DOI":"10.15298\/arthsel.30.4.09"},{"key":"83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MJ. Ram\u00edrez,  \"Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History.\"  390, \"The morphology and phylogeny of dionychan spiders (Araneae: Araneomorphae).\" 1 (2014)","DOI":"10.1206\/821.1"},{"key":"84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MJ Ram\u00edrez, CJ Grismado, FM Labarque, et al.  \"Zoologischer Anzeiger.\"  253, \"The morphology and relationships of the walking mud spiders of the genus Cryptothele (Araneae: Zodariidae).\" 382 (2014)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcz.2014.03.002"},{"key":"85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"M \u0158ez\u00e1\u010d, T Krej\u010d\u00ed, SL Goodacre, et al.  \"Journal of Arachnology.\"  45, \"Morphological and functional diversity of minor ampullate glands in spiders from the superfamily Amaurobioidea (Entelegynae: RTA clade).\" 198 (2017)","DOI":"10.1636\/JoA-16-010-Rezak.1"},{"key":"88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"HC Schniepp, SR Koebley, F Vollrath,  \"Advanced Materials.\"  25, \"Brown recluse spider's nanometer scale ribbons of stiff extensible silk.\" 702\u00b0 (2013)","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201302740"},{"key":"89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E. Simon,  \"Histoire Naturelle des Araign\u00e9es, 2e \u00c9dition.\"  1, 1 (1892\u20131893)","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.51973"},{"key":"90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Sonavane, P Westermark, A Rising, et al.  \"Scientific Reports.\"  13, \"Regionalization of cell types in silk glands of Larinioides sclopetarius suggest that spider silk fibers are complex layered structures.\" 22273 (2023)","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-49587-z"},{"key":"91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EK Tillinghast  and MA Townley  \"Silk Polymers: Materials Science and Biotechnology (ACS Symposium Series 544).\"  \"Silk glands of araneid spiders: selected morphological and physiological aspects.\" 29 (1994)","DOI":"10.1021\/bk-1994-0544.ch003"},{"key":"92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"MA Townley  and D Harms  \"Evolutionary Systematics.\"  1, \"Comparative study of spinning field development in two species of araneophagic spiders (Araneae, Mimetidae, Australomimetus).\" 47 (2017)","DOI":"10.3897\/evolsyst.1.14765"},{"key":"93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MA Townley  and D Harms  \"Scientific Reports.\"  10, \"Hers and his: Silk glands used in egg sac construction by female spiders potentially repurposed by a \u2018modern\u2019 male spider.\" 6663 (2020)","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-63521-7"},{"key":"94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MA Townley  and EK Tillinghast  \"Journal of Arachnology.\"  31, \"On the use of ampullate gland silks by wolf spiders (Araneae, Lycosidae) for attaching the egg sac to the spinnerets and a proposal for defining nubbins and tartipores.\" 209 (2003)","DOI":"10.1636\/0161-8202(2003)031[0209:OTUOAG]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MA Townley  and EK Tillinghast  \"Biological Journal of the Linnean Society.\"  98, \"Developmental changes in spider spinning fields: a comparison between Mimetus and Araneus (Araneae: Mimetidae, Araneidae).\" 343 (2009)","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.2009.01297.x"},{"key":"96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MA Townley  and EK Tillinghast  \"Spider Ecophysiology.\"  \"Aggregate silk gland secretions of araneoid spiders.\" 2\u00b03 (2013)","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-33989-9_21"},{"key":"97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MA Townley, NV Horner, NA Cherim, et al.  \"Journal of Morphology.\"  208, \"Selected aspects of spinning apparatus development in Araneus cavaticus (Araneae, Araneidae).\" 175 (1991)","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1052080204"},{"key":"98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MA Townley, EK Tillinghast, NA Cherim,  \"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B.\"  340, \"Moult-related changes in ampullate silk gland morphology and usage in the araneid spider Araneus cavaticus.\" 25 (1993)","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1993.0046"},{"key":"99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MA Townley, D Harms, SP Benjamin,  \"Arthropod Structure & Development.\"  42, \"Phylogenetic affinities of Phobetinus to other pirate spider genera (Araneae: Mimetidae) as indicated by spinning field morphology.\" 407 (2013)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asd.2013.04.003"},{"key":"100","unstructured":"O Tutar  and EA Ya\u011fmur  \"Serket.\"  19, \"Spider (Araneae) fauna of \u0130zmir _ Peninsula (\u00c7e\u015fme, Karaburun, Urla), T\u00fcurkiye.\" 197 (2023)"},{"key":"102","unstructured":"G Uhl  and M Schmitt  \"Revue Suisse de Zoologie volume hors s\u00e9rie.\"  II, \"Stridulation in Palpimanus gibbulus Dufour (Araneae:Palpimanidae).\" 649 (1996)"},{"key":"103","unstructured":"S. W\u0105sowska,  \"Zoologica Poloniae.\"  19, \"Particularit\u00e9s de l'appareil s\u00e9ricig\u00e8ne des m\u00e2les Clubiona phragmitis C. L. Koch.\" 505 (1969)"},{"key":"104","unstructured":"P Watts  and M Townley  \"Palpimanus abdomen lifts.mov.figshare.\"  (2022)"},{"key":"106","unstructured":"H. Wi\u0105sniewski,  \"Zoologica Poloniae.\"  33, \"Studies on the spinning apparatus of Clubiona phragmitis C. L. Koch (Araneida, Clubionidae). II. The structure of the internal spinning apparatus.\" 83 (1986)"},{"key":"107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JO Wolff, P Michalik, AM Ravelo, et al.  \"Integrative and Comparative Biology.\"  61, \"Evolution of silk anchor structure as the joint effect of spinning behavior and spinneret morphology.\" 1411 (2021)","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icab003"},{"key":"108","unstructured":"\"World Spider Catalog. Version 25.0 Natural History Museum.\"  (2024)"},{"key":"109","unstructured":"\"Chios Climate Weather Averages.\"  (2022)"},{"key":"110","unstructured":"L Yu  and JA Coddington  \"Journal of Arachnology.\"  18, \"Ontogenetic changes in the spinning fields of Nuctenea cornuta and Neoscona theisi (Araneae, Araneidae).\" 331 (1990)"},{"key":"111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A Zamani  and YM Marusik  \"ZooKeys.\"  1054, \"A new genus and ten new species of spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) from Iran.\" 95 (2021)","DOI":"10.3897\/zookeys.1054.70408.figure17"},{"key":"112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Zonstein  and YM Marusik  \"ZooKeys.\"  326, \"On Levymanus, a remarkable new spider genus from Israel, with notes on the Chediminae (Araneae, Palpimanidae).\" 27 (2013)","DOI":"10.3897\/zookeys.326.5344"},{"key":"113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SL Zonstein  and YM Marusik  \"African Invertebrates.\"  58, \"Descriptions of the two-eyed African spider genera Chedimanops gen. n. and Hybosidella gen. n. (Araneae, Palpimanidae, Chediminae).\" 23 (2017)","DOI":"10.3897\/AfrInvertebr.58.11448"},{"key":"116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Zonstein  and YM Marusik  \"Arachnology.\"  19, \"Descriptions of Sceliraptor gen. n. and two new species from Kenya (Araneae, Palpimanidae).\" 257 (2022)","DOI":"10.13156\/arac.2022.19.sp1.257"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Arachnology"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T04:22:26Z","timestamp":1793420546000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/the-journal-of-arachnology\/volume-52\/issue-1\/JoA-S-22-056\/Spinneret-spinning-field-ontogeny-and-life-history-observations-in-the\/10.1636\/JoA-S-22-056.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]]},"references-count":116,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1636\/joa-s-22-056","relation":{},"ISSN":["0161-8202","1937-2396"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0161-8202","type":"print"},{"value":"1937-2396","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]]}}}