{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T19:40:08Z","timestamp":1788550808183,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"American Association of Avian Pathologists (AAAP)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Avian Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,30]]},"DOI":"10.1637\/0005-2086-64.2.130","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,15]],"date-time":"2020-06-15T09:22:13Z","timestamp":1592212933000},"page":"130","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Isolation and Characterization of Novel Trichomonas gallinae Ribotypes Infecting Domestic and Wild Birds in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"prefix":"10.1637","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Mohammed F.","family":"Albeshr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, King Saud University, College of Science, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh-11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulwahed F.","family":"Alrefaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, King Saud University, College of Science, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh-11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1212","reference":[{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N Bunbury, CG Jones, AG Greenwood, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  43, \"Trichomonas gallinae in Mauritian columbids: Implications for an endangered endemic.\" 399 (2007)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-43.3.399"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E Grabensteiner, I Bilic, T Kolbe, et al.  \"Vet Parasitol.\"  172, \"Molecular analysis of clonal trichomonad isolates indicate the existence of heterogenic species present in different birds and within the same host.\" 53 (2010)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.04.015"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C Gort\u00e1zar, E Ferroglio, U H\u00f6fle, et al.  \"Eur J Wildl Res.\"  53, \"Diseases shared between wildlife and livestock: A European perspective.\" 241 (2007)","DOI":"10.1007\/s10344-007-0098-y"},{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K Cox-Witton, A Reiss, R Woods, et al.  \"PLOS ONE.\"  9, \"Emerging infectious diseases in free-ranging wildlife\u2014Australian zoo based wildlife hospitals contribute to national surveillance.\" e95127 (2014)","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0095127"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Lachish, M Jones, H McCallum,  \"J Anim Ecol.\"  76, \"The impact of disease on the survival and population growth rate of the Tasmanian devil.\" 926 (2007)","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2656.2007.01272.x"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"OP H\u00f6ner, B Wachter, KV Goller, et al.  \"J Anim Ecol.\"  81, \"The impact of a pathogenic bacterium on a social carnivore population.\" 36 (2012)","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2656.2011.01873.x"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RM. Stabler,  \"J Parasitol.\"  33, \"Trichomonas gallinae, pathogenic trichomonad of birds.\" 207 (1947)","DOI":"10.2307\/3273551"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N. Bunbury,  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  47, \"Trichomonad infection in endemic and introduced columbids in the Seychelles.\" 730 (2011)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-47.3.730"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JE Stockdale, JC Dunn, SJ Goodman, et al.  \"Parasitology.\"  142, \"The protozoan parasite Trichomonas gallinae causes adult and nestling mortality in a declining population of European turtle doves, Streptopelia turtur.\" 490 (2015)","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182014001474"},{"key":"7","unstructured":"M Abouhosseini Tabari  and MR Youssefi  \"Avicenna J Phytomed.\"  8, \"In vitro and in vivo evaluations of Pelargonium roseum essential oil activity against Trichomonas gallinae.\" 136 (2018)"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KJ Swinnerton, AG Greenwood, RE Chapman, et al.  \"Ibis.\"  147, \"The incidence of the parasitic disease trichomoniasis and its treatment in reintroduced and wild pink pigeons Columba mayeri.\" 772 (2005)","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-919X.2005.00466.x"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T McKeon, J Dunsmore, SR Raidal,  \"Aust Vet J.\"  75, \"Trichomonas gallinae in budgerigars and columbid birds in Perth, Western Australia.\" 652 (1997)","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1997.tb15363.x"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C Mantini, J Dalia-Cornette, S Noda, et al.  \"Parasitol Res.\"  106, \"Molecular identification and phylogenetic relationships of trichomonad isolates of galliform birds inferred from nuclear small subunit rRNA gene sequences.\" 163 (2009)","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-009-1643-2"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KH Rogers, YA Girard, L Woods, et al.  \"Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl.\"  5, \"Avian trichomonosis in spotted owls (Strix occidentalis): indication of opportunistic spillover from prey.\" 305 (2016)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2016.10.002"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G. Cousquer,  \"Pract.\"  27, \"First aid and emergency care for the avian casualty.\" 190 (2005)","DOI":"10.1136\/inpract.27.4.190"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J Sansano-Maestre, MM Garijo-Toledo, MT Gomez-Munoz,  \"Avian Pathol.\"  38, \"Prevalence and genotyping of Trichomonas gallinae in pigeons and birds of prey.\" 201 (2009)","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450902912135"},{"key":"14","unstructured":"DL Burton  and KA Doblar  \"Proceedings of the 4th International Urban Wildlife Symposium. 2004 May 1\u20135.\"  , \"Morbidity and mortality of urban wildlife in the midwestern United States.\" 171 (2004)"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A Lehikoinen, E Lehikoinen, J Valkama, et al.  \"Ibis.\"  155, \"Impacts of trichomonosis epidemics on Greenfinch Chloris chloris and Chaffinch Fringilla coelebs populations in Finland.\" 357 (2013)","DOI":"10.1111\/ibi.12028"},{"key":"16","unstructured":"R Brand Phillips, HL Snell, H Vargas,  \"Not Galapagos.\"  62, \"Feral rock doves in the Gal\u00e1pagos Islands: biological and economic threats.\" 6 (2003)"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RM. Stabler,  \"Exp Parasitol.\"  3, \"Trichomonas gallinae: a review.\" 368 (1954)","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(54)90035-1"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EM Narcisi, M Sevoian, BM Honigberg,  \"Avian Dis.\"  35, \"Pathologic changes in pigeons infected with a virulent Trichomonas gallinae strain (Eiberg).\" 55 (1992)","DOI":"10.2307\/1591295"},{"key":"20","unstructured":"RM. Stabler,  \"J Parasitol.\"  33, \"Infection with a less virulent strain of Trichomenas gallinae as a protection against a more virulent one.\" 8 (1947)"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RM. Stabler,  \"J Parasitol.\"  43, \"The effect of furazolidone on pigeon trichomoniasis due to Trichomonas gallinae.\" 280 (1957)","DOI":"10.2307\/3274346"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T Tasca  and GA De Carli  \"Vet Parasitol.\"  118, \"Scanning electron microscopy study of Trichomonas gallinae.\" 37 (2003)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2003.09.009"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DG da Silva, E Barton, N Bunbury, et al.  \"Infect Genet Evol.\"  7, \"Molecular identity and heterogeneity of Trichomonad parasites in a closed avian population.\" 433 (2007)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2007.01.002"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JH Samour  and JL Naldo  \"J Avian Med Surg.\"  17, \"Diagnosis and therapeutic management of trichomoniasis in falcons in Saudi Arabia.\" 136 (2003)","DOI":"10.1647\/2001-047"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JL Naldo  and JH Samour  \"J Avian Med Surg.\"  18, \"Radiographic findings in captive falcons in Saudi Arabia.\" 242 (2004)","DOI":"10.1647\/2003-027"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RA Robinson, B Lawson, MP Toms, et al.  \"PLOS ONE.\"  5, \"Emerging infectious disease leads to rapid population declines of common British birds.\" e12215 (2010)","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012215"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F Jeanmougin, JD Thompson, M Gouy, et al.  \"Trends Biochem Sci.\"  23, \"Multiple sequence alignment with Clustal X.\" 403 (1998)","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-0004(98)01285-7"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B Lawson, AA Cunningham, J Chantrey, et al.  \"Infect Genet Evol.\"  11, \"A clonal strain of Trichomonas gallinae is the aetiologic agent of an emerging avian epidemic disease.\" 1638 (2011)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.06.007"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RW Gerhold, MJ Yabsley, AJ Smith, et al.  \"J Parasitol.\"  94, \"Molecular characterization of the Trichomonas gallinae morphologic complex in the United States.\" 1335 (2008)","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-1585.1"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RM. Stabler,  \"J Parasitol.\"  37, \"Effect of Trichomonas gallinae from diseased mourning doves on clean domestic pigeons.\" 473 (1951)","DOI":"10.2307\/3273255"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"HA Farooq, HA Khan, AF Alrefaei, et al.  \"Parasitology.\"  145, \"Endemic infection of the common mynah Acridotheres tristis with Trichomonas gallinae the agent of avian trichomonosis.\" 1548 (2018)","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182018000513"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M Mirzaei, O Ghashghaei, J Khedri,  \"J Parasit Dis.\"  40, \"First report of an outbreak trichomoniasis in turkey in Sistan, Iran.\" 61 (2016)","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-014-0445-3"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B Shemshadi, S Ranjbar-bahadori, M Delfan-abazari,  \"Comp Clin Pathol.\"  26, \"Prevalence and intensity of parasitic infection in domestic ducks (Anas platyrhynchas) in Gilan Province, Northern Iran.\" 165 (2017)","DOI":"10.1007\/s00580-016-2361-7"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N Bunbury, CG Jones, AG Greenwood, et al.  \"Biol Conserv.\"  141, \"Epidemiology and conservation implications of Trichomonas gallinae infection in the endangered Mauritian pink pigeon.\" 153 (2008)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2007.09.008"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E Zimre-Grabensteiner, N Arshad, A Armin, et al.  \"Parasitol Int.\"  60, \"Genetically different clonal isolates of Trichomonas gallinae, obtained from the same bird, can vary in their drug susceptibility, an in vitro evidence.\" 213 (2011)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2011.02.003"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JF Chi, B Lawson, C Durrant, et al.  \"Parasitology.\"  140, \"The finch epidemic strain of Trichomonas gallinae is predominant in British non-passerines.\" 1234 (2013)","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182013000930"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AF Alrefaei, RW Gerhold, JL Nader, et al.  \"Infect Genet Evol.\"  73, \"Improved subtyping affords better discrimination of Trichomonas gallinae strains and suggests hybrid lineages.\" 234 (2019)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2019.05.007"},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AF Alrefaei, R Low, N Hall, et al.  \"Genome Biol Evol.\"  11, \"Multi-locus analysis resolves the epidemic finch strain of Trichomonas gallinae and suggests introgression from divergent trichomonads.\" 2391 (2019)","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evz164"},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H. Henrik,  \"PLOS Pathog.\"  14, \"Does pathogen plasticity facilitate host shifts?\" e1006961 (2018)","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006961"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Felsenstein,  \"Evolution.\"  39, \"Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap.\" 783 (1985)","DOI":"10.2307\/2408678"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Kumar, G Stecher, K Tamura,  \"Mol Biol Evol.\"  33, \"MEGA7: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets.\" 1870 (2016)","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msw054"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RS. Felleisen,  \"Parasitology.\"  115, \"Comparative sequence analysis of 5.8S rRNA genes and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of trichomonadid protozoa.\" 111 (1997)","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182097001212"}],"container-title":["Avian Diseases"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,24]],"date-time":"2020-06-24T23:02:45Z","timestamp":1593039765000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/avian-diseases\/volume-64\/issue-2\/0005-2086-64.2.130\/Isolation-and-Characterization-of-Novel-Trichomonas-gallinae-Ribotypes-Infecting-Domestic\/10.1637\/0005-2086-64.2.130.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,30]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1637\/0005-2086-64.2.130","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/675033","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0005-2086"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0005-2086","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,30]]}}}