{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T11:32:41Z","timestamp":1793446361139,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"American Association of Avian Pathologists (AAAP)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Avian Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In the spring of 2019, adult (75 wk old) brown laying hens from a commercial, pen-free, egg-laying facility (11,000 birds per house) located in northwest Arkansas were obtained for the purposes of sourcing robust and evenly dispersed cestode infections for anticipated anthelmintic evaluations. To that end, four birds from each of six discrete sites (northwest, northcentral, northeast, southwest, southcentral, and southeast) in one production barn were obtained on two occasions, 8 days apart, and necropsied for helminth counts. A definite, repeated, location-to-location variation in infection incidence and magnitude was seen for each of the two cestode parasite species present and for one of the two nematode parasite species present. Burdens of Ascaridia galli were generally similar regardless of bird location, with site-specific mean totals per bird over both sampling days between 31 and 80. For the remaining helminths, infections were greatest for birds from the southern half of the building as opposed to the northern and from the western end of the barn as opposed to the central or eastern portions. Location-specific mean worm burdens over both sample dates ranged from 340 to 1133 (Heterakis gallinarum), 14 to 277 (Raillietina cesticillus), and 1 to 35 (Choanotaenia infundibulum). The greatest individual bird infections were 299 (A. galli), 3575 (H. gallinarum), 1015 (R. cesticillus), and 102 (C. infundibulum). The above counts are for all developmental stages combined (A. galli and H. gallinarum) and for scolexes only (R. cesticillus and C. infundibulum), as determined via standard collection and quantification procedures using both intestinal contents and overnight soaks. Immediately before the mapping study outlined above, birds were obtained from the east end of the source barn and used for the nematocidal evaluation of fenbendazole in the water (5 mg\/kg body weight [BW] for 1 day), levamisole in the water (8 mg\/kg BW for each of 2 days), herbal mixture in the feed (1 gm\/4.5 kg BW each day for 5 days), diatomaceous earth (2% of total feed for 10 days), and a nutraceutical mixture feed supplement (2% of feed for 7 days). Based on arithmetic means for adult forms, control trial efficacies for A. galli and H. gallinarum were 0% and 12% for the nutraceutical feed additive, 0% and 22% for the diatomaceous earth feed additive, 0% and 26% for dietary herbals, 87% and 63% for levamisole, and 82% and 84% for fenbendazole, respectively. Only adult burdens of A. galli and H. gallinarum for fenbendazole- and levamisole-treated birds were significantly different from control bird levels (P \u2264 0.05).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1637\/0005-2086-64.4.556","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]],"date-time":"2021-01-19T22:43:25Z","timestamp":1611096205000},"page":"556-560","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Distribution of Four Parasitic Helminth Species in One Pen-Free, Egg-Laying Housing Facility, and the Corresponding Efficacy of Nutraceutical and Pharmaceutical Administrations"],"prefix":"10.1637","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"T. A.","family":"Yazwinski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Tucker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Wray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Cauble","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1212","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T Yazwinski, H Chapman, R Davis, et al.  \"Vet Parasitol.\"  116, \"World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology guidelines for evaluating the effectiveness of anthelmintics in chickens and turkeys.\" 159 (2003)","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(03)00264-4"},{"key":"2","unstructured":"L. McDougald,  \"Diseases of poultry.\"  , \"Cestodes and trematodes.\" 1056 (2008)"},{"key":"3","unstructured":"T Yazwinski  and C Tucker  \"Diseases of poultry.\"  , \"Nematodes and acanthocephalans.\" 1025 (2008)"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T Ferdushy, T Schou, L Norup, et al.  \"Parasitol.\"  141, \"Acquisition of resistance after continuous infection with Ascaridia galli in chickens.\" 1603 (2014)","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182014000742"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L Luna-Olivares, N Kyvsgaard, T Ferdushy, et al.  \"Parasitol Res.\"  114, \"The jejunal cellular responses in chickens infected with a single dose of Ascaridia galli eggs.\" 2507 (2015)","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-015-4450-y"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RK Kaushik  and VPS Deorani  \"J Helminthol.\"  43, \"Studies on tissue responses in primary and subsequent infections with Heterakis gallinae in chickens and on the process of formation of caecal nodules.\" 69 (1969)","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X0000393X"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G Luttermoser  and R Allen  \"Poult Sci.\"  2, \"The influence of diets high and low in protein on the growth rates of chickens infected with the tapeworm, Raillietina cesticillus.\" 111 (1942)","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0210111"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J Pankavich, G Poeschel, A Shor, et al.  \"Am J Vet Res.\"  34, \"Evaluation of levamisole against experimental infections of Ascaridia, Heterakis and Capillaria spp. in chickens.\" 501 (1973)","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1973.34.04.501"},{"key":"9","unstructured":"T Yazwinski, N Wood, H Holtzen,  \"Poult Sci.\"  67, \"Investigations into the efficacies of various anthelmintics in the treatment of poultry nematodiasis. Ninth annual meeting of the Southern Poultry Science Society.\" 41 (1988)"},{"key":"10","unstructured":"P. Waller,  \"Helminthol.\"  40, \"The future of anthelmintics in sustainable parasite control programs for livestock.\" 97 (2003)"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M Stehr, M Gashorn, D Dannenberger, et al.  \"Vet Parasitol.\"  275, \"Resistance and tolerance to mixed nematode infections in relation to performance level in laying hens.\" 108925 (2019)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2019.108925"}],"container-title":["Avian Diseases"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/avian-diseases\/volume-64\/issue-4\/0005-2086-64.4.556\/Distribution-of-Four-Parasitic-Helminth-Species-in-One-Pen-Free\/10.1637\/0005-2086-64.4.556.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T11:04:59Z","timestamp":1793444699000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/avian-diseases\/volume-64\/issue-4\/0005-2086-64.4.556\/Distribution-of-Four-Parasitic-Helminth-Species-in-One-Pen-Free\/10.1637\/0005-2086-64.4.556.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,10]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1637\/0005-2086-64.4.556","relation":{},"ISSN":["0005-2086","1938-4351"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0005-2086","type":"print"},{"value":"1938-4351","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,10]]}}}