{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T11:32:41Z","timestamp":1793446361123,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":9,"publisher":"American Association of Avian Pathologists (AAAP)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Avian Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Over a 4-mo period, a Michigan zoo had 32 budgerigars, Melopsittacus undulatus, from their flock die. Whole animals or formalin-fixed tissues were submitted to Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory for diagnosis. Avian gastric yeast infection, Macrorhabdus ornithogaster, was diagnosed in seven birds. There was atrophy of breast musculature and no subcutaneous or coelomic fat stores in six necropsied birds. Only two birds had proventricular dilatation grossly. Histologic examination of the proventriculus of all seven birds revealed abundant 3 \u00d7 50-\u00b5m septate, parallel-walled, nonbranching yeast organisms morphologically consistent with Macrorhabdus ornithogaster. Mycobacteriosis was diagnosed in three budgerigars, two of which were necropsied. Both necropsied birds had hepatomegaly and one also had splenomegaly. No acid-fast bacilli were found in the livers of either bird but were found in splenic macrophages of the bird with splenomegaly and in the intestine of the other bird. Mycobacterium species were cultured from the enlarged spleen and identified by DNA sequence as Mycobacterium genavense. Pulmonary granulomas with acid-fast bacilli were found in the bird submitted as fixed tissues. None of the budgerigars had a dual infection. The remainder of the budgerigars died from hepatitis, nephrosis, oviductal prolapse, exclusion from food and water by flock mates, or tumors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1637\/0005-2086-64.4.561","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]],"date-time":"2021-01-19T22:43:30Z","timestamp":1611096210000},"page":"561-564","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Avian Gastric Yeast (Macrorhabdus ornithogaster) and Mycobacterium genavense Infections in a Zoo Budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus) Flock"],"prefix":"10.1637","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Richard M.","family":"Fulton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rinosh","family":"Mani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1212","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SA. Petroff,  \"J Exp. Med.\"  21, \"A new and rapid method for the isolation and cultivation of tubercle bacilli directly from the sputum and feces.\" 38 (1915)","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.21.1.38"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A Telenti, F Merchi, M Balz, et al.  \"J Clin Microbiol.\"  31, \"Rapid identification of mycobacteria to the species level by polymerase chain reaction and restriction enzyme analysis.\" 175 (1993)","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.31.2.175-178.1993"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EK Tomaszewski, KS Logan, KF Snowden, et al.  \"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol.\"  53, \"Phylogenetic analysis identifies the \u2018megabacterium\u2019 of birds as a novel amorphic ascomycetous yeast, Macrorhabdus ornithogaster gen. nov., sp. nov.\" 1201 (2003)","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.02514-0"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R Kheirandish  and M Salchi  \"Comp Clin Pathol.\"  20, \"Megabacteriosis in budgerigars: diagnosis and treatment.\" 501 (2011)","DOI":"10.1007\/s00580-010-1026-1"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L Borrelli, L Dipento, L Rinaldi, et al.  \"J Clin Microbiol.\"  53, \"New diagnostic insights for Macrorhabdus ornithogaster infection.\" 3448 (2015)","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01564-15"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LV Powers, MA Mitchell, MM Garner,  \"Vet Pathol.\"  56, \"Macrorhabdus ornithogaster infection and spontaneous proventricular adenocarcinoma in budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus).\" 486 (2019)","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985818823773"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F Portaels, L Realini, L Bauwens, et al.  \"J Clin Microbiol.\"  34, \"Mycobacteriosis caused by Mycobacterium genavense in birds kept in a zoo: 11-year survey.\" 319 (1996)","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.2.319-323.1996"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A Schmitz, M Rinder, S Thiel, et al.  \"J Avian Med Surg.\"  32, \"Retrospective evaluation of clinical signs and gross pathologic findings in birds infected with Mycobacterium genavense.\" 194 (2018)","DOI":"10.1647\/2017-261"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"I. Smith,  \"Clin. Microbiol Rev.\"  16, \"Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogenesis and molecular determinants of virulence.\" 463 (2003)","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.16.3.463-496.2003"}],"container-title":["Avian Diseases"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/avian-diseases\/volume-64\/issue-4\/0005-2086-64.4.561\/Avian-Gastric-Yeast-Macrorhabdus-ornithogaster-and-Mycobacterium-genavense-Infections-in\/10.1637\/0005-2086-64.4.561.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T11:05:05Z","timestamp":1793444705000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/avian-diseases\/volume-64\/issue-4\/0005-2086-64.4.561\/Avian-Gastric-Yeast-Macrorhabdus-ornithogaster-and-Mycobacterium-genavense-Infections-in\/10.1637\/0005-2086-64.4.561.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,10]]},"references-count":9,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1637\/0005-2086-64.4.561","relation":{},"ISSN":["0005-2086","1938-4351"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0005-2086","type":"print"},{"value":"1938-4351","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,10]]}}}