{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T08:32:30Z","timestamp":1793435550421,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"American Association of Avian Pathologists (AAAP)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Avian Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Bacillary white diarrhea in chickens was a major disease concern for the poultry industry during the early 1900s. Drs. L. F. Rettger and W. R. Hinshaw organized a meeting in 1928 to discuss methods for controlling this disease. In this meeting, representatives of five northeastern states discussed approaches to test for the presence of the etiological agent of bacillary white diarrhea, namely, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Pullorum. Meeting attendees decided to have a yearly meeting of the Northeastern Conference of Laboratory Workers in Bacillary White Diarrhea. The next year, the name was changed to Conference of Laboratory Workers in Pullorum Disease Eradication, which was changed to Northeastern Conference on Avian Diseases (NECAD) in 1957. Not only has NECAD been important for the control of pullorum disease but also, starting with the fifth Annual Conference in 1932, other poultry diseases became an official part of the program. As such, NECAD served for a long time as the premier organization to present new information on avian diseases. The success of NECAD was based on the work of the many committees, which are described in detail in this review. For example, the antigen committee started officially in 1929 and remained active until at least 1987. The main task of this committee was to evaluate Salmonella Pullorum strains to be used by all participants in the pullorum antibody testing programs. NECAD started as a closed organization with participants from universities and government organizations but did not allow representatives from commercial groups until 1968 when all American Association of Avian Pathologists (AAAP) members in the Northeastern United States could participate. The journal Avian Diseases started with discussions by Dr. P. P. Levine with M. S. Cover, H. L. Chute, R. F. Gentry, E. Jungherr, and H. Van Roekel about the idea that NECAD would sponsor a journal dealing specifically with avian diseases. During the first few years of Avian Diseases publication, many articles including abstracts came from the NECAD Annual Conferences. The importance of NECAD as a precursor for other regional meetings and the AAAP and as a forum for graduate students to present their research are described. Several recipients of the award for the best paper presented by a graduate student have continued to work in avian disease research. The decline in the participation of scientists in the late 1990s and early 2000s was discussed extensively in 2006 and led to a merger of the NECAD meeting with the Pennsylvania Poultry Sales and Service Conference. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the 92nd Annual Conference was a virtual meeting in 2020. Fortunately, the 93rd Annual Conference in 2021 was an in-person meeting held in State College, PA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1637\/aviandiseases-21-00074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]],"date-time":"2022-01-05T05:44:51Z","timestamp":1641361491000},"page":"7-19","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Northeastern Conference on Avian Diseases from 1928\u20132021: 93 Years of Contributions to Organized Avian Medicine"],"prefix":"10.1637","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Karel A.","family":"Schat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1212","reference":[{"key":"6","unstructured":"LF. Rettger,  \"NY Med J.\"  71, \"Septicemia among young chickens.\" 803 (1900)"},{"key":"7","unstructured":"LF. Rettger,  \"J Med Res.\"  21, \"Further studies on fatal septicemia in young chickens, or \u201cwhite diarrhea.\u201d\" 115 (1909)"},{"key":"10","unstructured":"LD Bushnell, WR Hinshaw, LF Payne,  \"Kansas Tech Bull.\"  21, \"Bacillary white diarrhea in fowl.\" 3 (1926)"},{"key":"12","unstructured":"JM Schaffer, AD MacDonald, WJ Hall, et al.  \"J Am Vet Med Assoc. 79, N.S.\"  32, \"A stained antigen for the rapid whole blood test for pullorum disease.\" 236 (1931)"},{"key":"9","unstructured":"HL Shivaprasad  and PA Barrow  \"Diseases of poultry.\"  \"Pullorum disease and fowl typhoid.\" 678 (2013)"},{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KA Schat, K Nagaraja, YM Saif,  \"Avian Dis.\"  65, \"Pullorum disease: evolution of the eradication strategy.\" 227 (2021)","DOI":"10.1637\/aviandiseases-D-21-00024"},{"key":"2","unstructured":"ER. Hitchner,  \"Proceedings of the 12th Annual Conference of Laboratory Workers in Pullorum Disease Control. 1939 May 4\u20136;.\"  \"The history of the pullorum conference.\" 10 (1930)"},{"key":"3","unstructured":"H. van Roekel,  \"History of the Northeastern Conference on Avian Diseases 1928\u20131963. 1963 Jun 17\u201319; Ames (IA).\"  1963"},{"key":"4","unstructured":"GH. Snoeyenbos,  \"History of the Northeastern Conference on Avian Diseases 1963\u20131978. Proceedings of the 50th Northeastern Conference on Avian Diseases. 1978 June 9\u201321; Amherst (MA).\"  1 (1978)"},{"key":"#cr-split#-5.1","unstructured":"BW. Calnek, \"Proceedings of the 75th Northeastern Conference on Avian Diseases. 2003 June 11-13"},{"key":"#cr-split#-5.2","unstructured":"Orono (ME).\" \"NECAD 1928-2003-75 years of contributions to avian medicine.\" (2003)"},{"key":"8","unstructured":"\"Avian Dis.\"  28, \"American Association of Avian Pathologists tribute to William R. Hinshaw (1896\u20131984).\" 545 (1984)"},{"key":"11","unstructured":"H Bunyea, WJ Hall, M Dorset,  \"J Am Vet Med Assoc. 75 N.S.\"  28, \"A simplified agglutination test for pullorum disease.\" 408 (1929)"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DN Tripathy  and WM Reed  \"Diseases of poultry.\"  \"Pox.\" 364","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119371199.ch10"},{"key":"14","unstructured":"CB Hudson  and FR Beaudette  \"Cornell Vet.\"  23, \"The susceptibility of cloacal tissue to the virus of infectious bronchitis.\" 63 (1932)"},{"key":"15","unstructured":"\"J Am Vet Med Assoc.\"  77, \"Proceedings of the A.V.M.A. annual meeting.\" 670 (1930)"},{"key":"16","unstructured":"\"J Am Vet Med Assoc.\"  83, \"Proceedings of the A.V.M.A. annual meeting.\" 550 (1933)"},{"key":"17","unstructured":"\"J Am Med Assoc.\"  88, \"Proceedings of the A.V.M.A. annual meeting (in 1935).\" 659 (1936)"},{"key":"18","unstructured":"RL. Witter,  \"AAAP American Association of Avian Pathologists. Celebrating sixty years 1957\u20132017.\"  \"Origin and evolution of the American Association of Avian Pathologists: 50 years of dedication and accomplishment.\" 47 (2017)"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"OB Kent  and HD Branion  \"Poultry Science Assoc.\"  \"A brief history of the Poultry Science Association and its journal 1908\u20131958.\" (1958)","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0370983"},{"key":"20","unstructured":"AL. Shor,  \"American Cyanamid Co's PoultryPathologists' Conferences.\"  1 (1997)"},{"key":"21","unstructured":"HJ Barnes  and J-P Vaillancourt  \"Presentations at the 100th NECAD anniversary\u2014poultry diseases in the year 2028? Proceedings of the 75th Northeastern Conference on Avian Diseases. 2003 June 11\u201313; Orono (ME).\"  (2003)"},{"key":"22","unstructured":"\"J Am Vet Med Assoc.\"  223, \"Northeastern pullorum disease conference celebrates twenty-fifth anniversary.\" 252 (1953)"},{"key":"23","unstructured":"\"J Am Vet Med Assoc.\"  223, \"Pullorum disease reduced in Northeast.\" 331 (1953)"},{"key":"24","unstructured":"RL. Witter,  \"American Association of Avian Pathologists Biographies of Professionals in Poultry Health.\"  \"Hiram Nelson Lasher (1920\u20132012).\" (2007)"},{"key":"25","unstructured":"SB. Hitchner,  \"American Association of Avian Pathologists Biographies of Professionals in Poultry Health.\"  \"Stephen B. Hitchner (1916-2011\" (1996)"},{"key":"26","unstructured":"AS. Rosenwald,  \"Avian Dis.\"  30, \"American Association of Avian Pathologists: Tribute to Charles A. Bottorff (1901\u20131985).\" 449 (1986)"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RP Tittsler  and MW Lisse  \"J Bacteriol.\"  15, \"The relation between electrical charge and the agglutinating ability of Salmonella pullorum.\" 106 (1928)","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.15.2.105-116.1928"},{"key":"28","unstructured":"\"Avian Dis.\"  2, \"Abstracts of papers presented at 30th Northeastern Conference on Avian Diseases, June 30, July 1 and July 2, 1958, Cornell University, New York State Veterinary College, Ithaca, New York.\" 537 (1958)"},{"key":"29","unstructured":"\"Avian Dis.\"  1, \"Abstracts of papers presented at the 29th Northeastern Conference on Avian Diseases (formerly Annual Meeting of the Northeastern Conference of Laboratory Workers in Pullorum Disease Control) June 24\u201326, 1957, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA.\" 345 (1957)"},{"key":"30","unstructured":"H. Van Roekel,  \"Avian Dis.\"  5, \"Report on the pullorum disease testing results presented at the 33rd Meeting of the Northeastern Conference on Avian Diseases.\" 461 (1961)"},{"key":"31","unstructured":"E Biddle, F Rea, H Van Roekel,  \"Avian Dis.\"  6, \"Report on the pullorum disease testing results presented at the 34th Annual Meeting of the Northeastern Conference on Avian Diseases.\" 514 (1962)"},{"key":"32","unstructured":"H. Van Roekel,  \"Avian Dis.\"  8, \"Report of the pullorum disease testing results, presented at the 36th Annual Meeting of the Northeastern Conference on Avian Diseases, June 1964.\" 666 (1964)"},{"key":"33","unstructured":"H. Van Roekel,  \"Avian Dis.\"  9, \"Report of the pullorum disease testing results, presented at the 37th Annual Meeting of the Northeastern Conference on Avian Diseases, June 1965.\" 617 (1965)"},{"key":"34","unstructured":"H. Van Roekel,  \"Avian Dis.\"  8, \"Report on the pullorum disease testing results, presented at the 35th Annual Meeting of the Northeastern Conference on Avian Diseases, June 1963.\" 179 (1964)"},{"key":"35","unstructured":"\"J Am Vet Med Assoc.\"  91, \"Proceedings of the A.V.M.A. annual meeting (in 1936).\" 444 (1937)"},{"key":"36","unstructured":"HL Chute, MS Cover, GH Snoeyenbos, et al.  \"Avian Dis.\"  2, \"Report of the Committee on Nomenclature and Reporting of Diseases Northeastern Conference on Avian Diseases, June 1958.\" 543 (1958)"},{"key":"37","unstructured":"W. Henderson,  \"Avian Dis.\"  7, \"Summary of poultry diseases reported at the North Central Poultry Disease Conference.\" 516 (1963)"},{"key":"38","unstructured":"CD Murphy, CF Hall, HW Yoder,  \"Avian Dis.\"  11, \"Disease reports of the Southern Conference on Avian Diseases (SCAD) 1966.\" 708 (1967)"},{"key":"39","unstructured":"WJ Mathey  and RL Dutton  \"Avian Dis.\"  14, \"Diagnoses in the Western States and Western Canada, 1969.\" 841 (1970)"},{"key":"40","unstructured":"PP. Levine,  \"Avian Dis.\"  4, \"Avian Diseases: Official organ of American Association of Avian Pathologists, Inc.\" 97 (1960)"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BW. Calnek,  \"Avian Dis.\"  59, \"Avian diseases: the creation and evolution of P. Philip Levine's enduring gift.\" 1 (2015)","DOI":"10.1637\/10731-112213-Hist.1"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LC Grumbles  and CF Hall  \"Avian Dis.\"  32, \"The history of avian medicine in the United States. VIII. The American Association of Avian Pathologists. A thirty-year history.\" 175 (1988)","DOI":"10.2307\/1590803"},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"PM. Biggs,  \"Avian Pathol.\"  35, \"The World Veterinary Poultry Association: the beginnings and first 25 years.\" 417 (2006)","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450601038745"}],"container-title":["Avian Diseases"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/avian-diseases\/volume-66\/issue-1\/aviandiseases-21-00074\/Northeastern-Conference-on-Avian-Diseases-from-19282021--93-Years\/10.1637\/aviandiseases-21-00074.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T07:54:43Z","timestamp":1793433283000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/avian-diseases\/volume-66\/issue-1\/aviandiseases-21-00074\/Northeastern-Conference-on-Avian-Diseases-from-19282021--93-Years\/10.1637\/aviandiseases-21-00074.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1637\/aviandiseases-21-00074","relation":{},"ISSN":["0005-2086","1938-4351"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0005-2086","type":"print"},{"value":"1938-4351","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]]}}}