{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T08:31:25Z","timestamp":1793435485709,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"American Association of Avian Pathologists (AAAP)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Avian Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Fowl glioma-inducing virus (FGV), a strain of avian leukosis virus (ALV) subgroup A, is the causal agent of fowl glioma characterized by multiple nodular astrocytic growths, gliosis, and lymphocytic encephalitis. Also associated with FGV infection are cases of cerebellar hypoplasia, perineuromas, and nonsuppurative myocarditis. Though fowl glioma has been recognized in several countries, most reports of FGV infection come from Japan. A 9-mo-old brown leghorn from a German farm with nine leghorns was presented to a veterinarian with an impaired general health with torticollis, tremor, and incoordination. Histopathology revealed multifocal nodular astrocytic growths, gliosis, and a lymphoplasmacytic encephalitis. Immunohistochemically, neoplastic astrocytes showed positivity for anti-ALV antibody. FGV was detected in the brain with nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and subsequent sequencing of PCR product. The remaining eight birds were screened for the presence of ALV with real-time RT-PCR. Four leghorns tested positive for exogenous ALV in nested RT-PCR with an identical nucleotide sequence as the leghorn with neurological symptoms. To the authors' knowledge this is the first report of a natural FGV infection in a brown leghorn in Germany with clinical manifestation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1637\/aviandiseases-21-00090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]],"date-time":"2022-02-25T01:48:35Z","timestamp":1645753715000},"page":"119-123","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Clinically Manifesting, Naturally Occurring Fowl Glioma in a Leghorn Chicken in Germany"],"prefix":"10.1637","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Brigitte","family":"B\u00f6hm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bavarian Animal Health Service, Senator-Gerauer-Stra\u00dfe 23, 85586 Poing, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivana","family":"Bilic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterin\u00e4rplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Br\u00fcggemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bavarian Animal Health Service, Senator-Gerauer-Stra\u00dfe 23, 85586 Poing, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hayate","family":"Nishiura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Co-Department of Veterinary Medicine, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenji","family":"Ochiai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Co-Department of Veterinary Medicine, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1212","reference":[{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RL. Reece,  \"Avian Pathol.\"  21, \"Observations on naturally occurring neoplasms in birds in the state of Victoria, Australia.\" 3 (1992)","DOI":"10.1080\/03079459208418815"},{"key":"1","unstructured":"BA Summers, JF Cummings, A de Lahunta,  \"Veterinary neuropathology.\"  \"Tumors of the central nervous system.\" 351 (1995)"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V. Belmonte,  \"Virchows Arch Pathol Anat Physiol Klein Med.\"  294, \"\u00dcber ein Glioma beim Haushuhn.\" 329 (1935)","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01943970"},{"key":"3","unstructured":"U. Biering-S\u00f8rensen,  \"Nordisk Veterinaer Medicin.\"  8, \"On disseminated, focal gliomatosis (\u201cmultiple gliomas\u201d) and cerebral calcification in hens. A study of pathogenesis.\" 887 (1956)"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"PAL Wight  and RH Duff  \"J Comp Pathol Ther.\"  74, \"The histopathology of epizootic gliosis and astrocytoma of the domestic fowl.\" 373 (1964)","DOI":"10.1016\/S0368-1742(64)80043-6"},{"key":"5","unstructured":"C. I. Jackson,  \"Onderstepoort J Vet Res.\"  26, \"Glioma of the domestic fowl. The pathology with special reference to histogenesis and pathogenesis, and their relationship to other diseases.\" 501 (1954)"},{"key":"6","unstructured":"E Jungherr  and C Wolf  \"Am J Cancer.\"  37, \"Gliomas in animals: a report of two astrocytomas in the common fowl.\" 493 (1939)"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RL. Reece,  \"Avian Pathol.\"  25, \"Some observations on naturally occurring neoplasms in domestic fowl in the state of Victoria, Australia.\" 407 (1996)","DOI":"10.1080\/03079459608419153"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K Ochiai, K Ohashi, T Mukai, et al.  \"Vet Rec.\"  145, \"Evidence of neoplastic nature and viral aetiology of so-called fowl glioma.\" 79 (1999)","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.145.3.79"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H Hatai, K Ochiai, T Umemura,  \"J Vet Diagn Invest.\"  21, \"Detection of avian leukosis viruses related to fowl glioma-inducing virus.\" 519 (2009)","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870902100415"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Nakamura, K Ochiai, H Hatai, et al.  \"Avian Pathol.\"  40, \"Pathogenicity of avian leukosis viruses related to fowl glioma-inducing virus.\" 499 (2011)","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2011.605783"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N Iwata, K Ochiai, K Hayashi, et al.  \"Avian Pathol.\"  31, \"Avian retrovirus infection causes naturally occurring glioma: isolation and transmission of a virus from so-called fowl glioma.\" 193 (2002)","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450120118702"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y Tomioka, K Ochiai, K Ohashi, et al.  \"J Gen Virol.\"  85, \"Genome sequence analysis of the avian retrovirus causing so-called fowl glioma and the promoter activity of the long terminal repeat.\" 647 (2004)","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.79778-0"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T Toyoda, K Ochiai, H Hatai, et al.  \"Vet Pathol.\"  43, \"Cerebellar hypoplasia associated with an avian leukosis virus inducing fowl glioma.\" 294 (2006)","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.43-3-294"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T Toyoda, K Ochiai, K Ohashi, et al.  \"Vet Pathol.\"  42, \"Multiple perineuriomas in chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus).\" 176 (2005)","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.42-2-176"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N Iwata, K Ochiai, K Hayashi, et al.  \"J Vet Med Sci.\"  64, \"Nonsuppurative myocarditis associated with so-called fowl glioma.\" 395 (2002)","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.64.395"},{"key":"17","unstructured":"AM Fadly  and V Nair  \"Diseases of poultry.\"  \"Leukosis\/sarcoma group.\" 553 (2008)"},{"key":"18","unstructured":"\"EN ISO 6579-1 Microbiology of the Food Chain \u2013 Horizontal Method for the Detection, Enumeration and Serotyping of Salmonella \u2013 Part 1: Detection of Salmonella spp.\"  (2017)"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K Tsukamoto, H Hihara, Y Kono,  \"J Vet Med Sci.\"  53, \"Detection of avian leukosis virus antigens by the ELISA and its use for detecting infectious virus after cultivation of samples and partial characterization of specific pathogen-free chicken lines maintained in this laboratory.\" 399 (1991)","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.53.399"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M Garcia, J El-Attrache, SM Riblet, et al.  \"Avian Dis.\"  47, \"Development and application of reverse transcriptase nested polymerase chain reaction test for the detection of exogenous avian leukosis virus.\" 41 (2003)","DOI":"10.1637\/0005-2086(2003)047[0041:DAAORT]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"21","unstructured":"\"Accelrys Gene software, version 2.5.\""},{"key":"22","unstructured":"\"Lasergene software, version 12, MegAlign module.\""},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A Ochi, K Ochiai, A Kobara, et al.  \"Avian Pathol.\"  41, \"Epidemiological study of fowl glioma-inducing virus in chickens in Asia and Germany.\" 299 (2012)","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2012.684373"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H Hatai, K Ochiai, K Nagakura, et al.  \"Avian Pathol.\"  37, \"A recombinant avian leukosis virus associated with fowl glioma in layer chickens in Japan.\" 127 (2008)","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450801898815"}],"container-title":["Avian Diseases"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/avian-diseases\/volume-66\/issue-1\/aviandiseases-21-00090\/Clinically-Manifesting-Naturally-Occurring-Fowl-Glioma-in-a-Leghorn-Chicken\/10.1637\/aviandiseases-21-00090.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T07:43:51Z","timestamp":1793432631000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/avian-diseases\/volume-66\/issue-1\/aviandiseases-21-00090\/Clinically-Manifesting-Naturally-Occurring-Fowl-Glioma-in-a-Leghorn-Chicken\/10.1637\/aviandiseases-21-00090.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1637\/aviandiseases-21-00090","relation":{},"ISSN":["0005-2086","1938-4351"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0005-2086","type":"print"},{"value":"1938-4351","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]]}}}