{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T09:36:28Z","timestamp":1793439388656,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"American Association of Avian Pathologists (AAAP)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Avian Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Hemorrhagic hepatopathy is a syndrome reported in layer pullets resulting in mortality and lesions including hepatic, splenic, and intestinal necrosis; hepatic and splenic enlargement; hemorrhages; amyloidosis of the muscle, spleen, and liver; accumulation of noncoagulated hemorrhagic fluid in the coelom; and frequently, granulomatous myositis at bacterin injection sites. The syndrome is characterized in the literature in table egg layer pullets and is thought to be associated with the administration of bacterin vaccines, namely, frequently Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica bacterins. Hemorrhagic hepatopathy is recognized by industry veterinarians as also occurring infrequently in broiler breeder pullets in the United States. As the condition is likely due to an inflammatory process in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide inoculation, it is important to characterize both the pathologic changes and predisposing factors for the condition in broiler breeds, which are immunologically different from table egg layer breeds. In this study, we characterize the gross and microscopic lesions observed in a series of diagnostic laboratory cases of hemorrhagic hepatopathy in broiler breeder pullets and suggest a possible pathophysiology for the condition. Additionally, we report results from a case survey of the United States broiler industry that suggest that the condition is due to a reaction to bacterin vaccination and that certain bacterin products may predispose pullet flocks to develop the condition. Although further research is indicated, these findings establish hemorrhagic hepatopathy as a pathologic condition of broiler breeder pullets and may aid in the diagnosis and prevention of the syndrome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1637\/aviandiseases-d-20-00138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]],"date-time":"2021-06-15T01:10:45Z","timestamp":1623719445000},"page":"269-280","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Hemorrhagic Hepatopathy in Broiler Breeder Pullets: Gross and Microscopic Pathology and Factors Associated with Incidence"],"prefix":"10.1637","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Linnea M.","family":"Tracy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, 953 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30602"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Shepherd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, 953 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30602"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monique","family":"Fran\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, 953 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30602"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan M.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, 953 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30602"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen B.","family":"Grogan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, 953 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30602"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenny A.","family":"Nicholds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, 953 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30602"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharine","family":"Shamoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, 953 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30602"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ChangHee","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, 953 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30602"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1212","reference":[{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T Murakami, Y Inoshima, E Sakamoto, et al.  \"J Comp Pathol.\"  149, \"AA amyloidosis in vaccinated growing chickens.\" 291 (2013)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2013.02.002"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"WA Habibi, T Hirai, MH Niazmand, et al.  \"Avian Pathol.\"  46, \"Experimental induction of chicken amyloid A amyloidosis in white layer chickens by inoculation with inactivated vaccines.\" 497 (2017)","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2017.1321103"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y Sato, WL Wigle, TL 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Schlist,  \"Proceedings of the 2019 American Association of Avian Pathologists Annual Meeting.\"  \"Comparison of injection sites for se bacterin vaccine in commercial pullets and layers.\" 10 (2019)"}],"container-title":["Avian Diseases"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/avian-diseases\/volume-65\/issue-2\/aviandiseases-D-20-00138\/Hemorrhagic-Hepatopathy-in-Broiler-Breeder-Pullets--Gross-and-Microscopic\/10.1637\/aviandiseases-D-20-00138.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T09:29:15Z","timestamp":1793438955000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/avian-diseases\/volume-65\/issue-2\/aviandiseases-D-20-00138\/Hemorrhagic-Hepatopathy-in-Broiler-Breeder-Pullets--Gross-and-Microscopic\/10.1637\/aviandiseases-D-20-00138.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1637\/aviandiseases-d-20-00138","relation":{},"ISSN":["0005-2086","1938-4351"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0005-2086","type":"print"},{"value":"1938-4351","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]}}}