{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:55:19Z","timestamp":1791248119727,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"American Association of Avian Pathologists (AAAP)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Avian Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Respuestas inmunes en la gl\u00e1ndula de Harder despu\u00e9s de la vacunaci\u00f3n contra la enfermedad de Newcastle en pollos con anticuerpos maternos. Se caracterizaron las respuestas inmunes en la gl\u00e1ndula de Harder (HG) despu\u00e9s de la vacunaci\u00f3n ocular con la cepa LaSota contra el virus de la enfermedad de Newcastle (NDV) en pollos libres de pat\u00f3genos espec'\u0131ficos (SPF) sin anticuerpos y en pollos de origen comercial con anticuerpos maternos (MDA) contra el virus de Newcastle. La vacunaci\u00f3n ocular con cepa LaSota en aves White Leghorn libres de pat\u00f3genos espec'\u0131ficos de 13 d'\u0131as de edad indujo niveles de anticuerpos s\u00e9ricos que aumentaron consistentemente 15 d'\u0131as despu\u00e9s de la vacunaci\u00f3n, mientras que la respuesta espec'\u0131fica de IgA en los fluidos lagrimales ya era detectable a los 10 d'\u0131as despu\u00e9s de la vacunaci\u00f3n. Once d'\u0131as despu\u00e9s de la vacunaci\u00f3n, la abundancia relativa de c\u00e9lulas B, as'\u0131 como de c\u00e9lulas T colaboradoras (CD4+) y c\u00e9lulas T citot\u00f3xicas (CD8+), en la gl\u00e1ndula de Harder aument\u00f3 significativamente, alcanzando frecuencias m\u00e1ximas 16 d'\u0131as despu\u00e9s de la vacunaci\u00f3n. En un segundo experimento, se vacunaron con la cepa LaSota de Newcastle pollos con anticuerpos maternales procedentes de reproductoras comerciales de aves de postura White Leghorn vacunadas con el NDV, as'\u0131 como gallinas White Leghorn libres de pat\u00f3genos espec'\u0131ficos. El virus LaSota se replic\u00f3 con \u00e9xito en los tejidos perioculares y en la tr\u00e1quea tanto de pollos comerciales como en las aves controles libres de pat\u00f3genos espec'\u0131ficos despu\u00e9s de la vacunaci\u00f3n a los 2 o 15 d'\u0131as de edad. La vacunaci\u00f3n a los dos d'\u0131as de edad no indujo una respuesta de anticuerpos s\u00e9ricos contra el virus de Newcastle en pollos de origen comercial. Por el contrario, se indujo seroconversi\u00f3n en pollos comerciales tras la vacunaci\u00f3n a los 15 d'\u0131as de edad, probablemente asociada con una disminuci\u00f3n de los anticuerpos maternos. A diferencia de las respuestas sist\u00e9micas de IgG, la vacunaci\u00f3n a los dos o 15 d'\u0131as de edad provoc\u00f3 fuertes respuestas de IgA espec'\u0131ficas en los fluidos lagrimales en pollos comerciales. La respuesta de IgA fue m\u00e1xima nueve d'\u0131as despu\u00e9s de la vacunaci\u00f3n y mostr\u00f3 una tendencia a disminuir 15 d'\u0131as despu\u00e9s de la vacunaci\u00f3n. Los pollos comerciales vacunados con dos d'\u0131as de edad mostraron un aumento de c\u00e9lulas B en la gl\u00e1ndula de Harder 10 y 16 d'\u0131as despu\u00e9s de la vacunaci\u00f3n. La expansi\u00f3n de las c\u00e9lulas B en la gl\u00e1ndula de Harder en estos pollos es consistente con el aumento de los niveles de IgA detectados en los fluidos lagrimales. Por el contrario, los pollos controles libres de pat\u00f3genos espec'\u0131ficos mostraron una expansi\u00f3n de c\u00e9lulas B m\u00e1s limitada en la gl\u00e1ndula de Harder y niveles m\u00e1s bajos de IgA. La vacunaci\u00f3n con 15 d'\u0131as de edad tambi\u00e9n provoc\u00f3 un aumento importante de c\u00e9lulas B en la gl\u00e1ndula de Harder en pollos comerciales en comparaci\u00f3n con los pollos controles libres de pat\u00f3genos espec'\u0131ficos. La respuesta de las c\u00e9lulas B estuvo acompa\u00f1ada por la expansi\u00f3n de las c\u00e9lulas T colaboradoras (CD4+), que ocurri\u00f3 tanto en pollos comerciales como en los controles libres de pat\u00f3genos espec'\u0131ficos. Estas c\u00e9lulas se expandieron en menor medida cuando la vacunaci\u00f3n se realiz\u00f3 a los dos d'\u0131as de edad en comparaci\u00f3n con la vacunaci\u00f3n a los 15 d'\u0131as de edad. Las c\u00e9lulas CD8+ mostraron una expansi\u00f3n significativa independientemente del d'\u0131a de vacunaci\u00f3n y sin diferencias detectadas entre los pollos control libres de pat\u00f3genos espec'\u0131ficos y los pollos con anticuerpos maternales. Se concluye que la cepa de Newcastle LaSota provoca robustas respuestas inmunes humorales y celulares en la gl\u00e1ndula de Harder. Adem\u00e1s, a diferencia de la interferencia mostrada por los anticuerpos maternos en las respuestas de anticuerpos s\u00e9ricos inducidas por la vacuna, los anticuerpos maternos no interfieren con la respuesta inmune de la mucosa de la gl\u00e1ndula de Harder.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1637\/aviandiseases-d-24-00007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,11]],"date-time":"2024-10-11T06:15:17Z","timestamp":1728627317000},"page":"192-201","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Immune Responses in the Harderian Gland After Newcastle Disease Vaccination in Chickens with Maternal Antibodies"],"prefix":"10.1637","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Raimundo","family":"Espejo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL, 36830"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cassandra","family":"Breedlove","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL, 36830"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haroldo","family":"Toro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL, 36830"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1212","reference":[{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"I Cornax, PJ Miller, CL Afonso,  \"Avian Dis.\"  56, \"Characterization of live LaSota vaccine strain-induced protection in chickens upon early challenge with a virulent Newcastle disease virus of heterologous genotype.\" 464 (2012)","DOI":"10.1637\/10043-122011-Reg.1"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RA Zegpi, S Gulley, VL van Santen, et al.  \"Avian Dis.\"  63, \"Infectious bronchitis virus vaccination at day one of age further limits cross-protection.\" 302 (2019)","DOI":"10.1637\/12009-120518-Reg.1"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"FW van Ginkel, J Padgett, G Martinez-Romero, et al.  \"Vaccine.\"  33, \"Age-dependent immune responses and immune protection after avian coronavirus vaccination.\" 2655 (2015)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.04.026"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MP Ariaans, PM van de Haar, JW Lowenthal, et al.  \"Dev Comp Immunol.\"  32, \"ELISPOT and intracellular cytokine staining: novel assays for quantifying T cell responses in the chicken.\" 1398 (2008)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2008.05.007"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EW Collisson, J Pei, J Dzielawa, et al.  \"Dev Comp Immunol.\"  24, \"Cytotoxic T lymphocytes are critical in the control of infectious bronchitis virus in poultry.\" 187 (2000)","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-305X(99)00072-5"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Cardenas-Garcia, DG Diel, L Susta, et al.  \"Biologicals.\"  43, \"Development of an improved vaccine evaluation protocol to compare the efficacy of Newcastle disease vaccines.\" 136 (2015)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biologicals.2014.11.003"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L Timms  and DJ Alexander  \"Avian Pathol.\"  6, \"Cell-mediated immune response of chickens to Newcastle disease vaccines.\" 51 (1977)","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457708418212"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RA Zegpi, C Breedlove, S Gulley, et al.  \"Avian Dis.\"  64, \"Infectious bronchitis virus immune responses in the Harderian gland upon initial vaccination\" 92 (2020)","DOI":"10.1637\/0005-2086-64.1.92"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RA Zegpi, KS Joiner, V van Santen, et al.  \"Avian Dis.\"  64, \"Infectious bronchitis virus population structure defines immune response and protection.\" 60 (2020)","DOI":"10.1637\/0005-2086-64.1.60"},{"key":"23","unstructured":"P. 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