{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T22:54:37Z","timestamp":1791240877143,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"American Association of Avian Pathologists (AAAP)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Avian Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Reporte de caso- Quistes testiculares en pollos de engorde: Un estudio sobre la toxicidad cr\u00f3nica por sodio y sinergias patog\u00e9nicas. Los quistes testiculares en la avicultura son condiciones patol\u00f3gicas con implicaciones significativas para la salud reproductiva y el rendimiento de la parvada. Este estudio investig\u00f3 los impactos cl\u00ednicos, moleculares y patol\u00f3gicos de la toxicidad cr\u00f3nica por sodio y su interacci\u00f3n con agentes infecciosos en pollos de engorde. En una parvada de 22,600 pollos de engorde Ross, se report\u00f3 una tasa de mortalidad severa (88.3%) tras presentar signos de enfermedad como reducci\u00f3n del consumo de alimento, diarrea y letargo. En la necropsia, se observ\u00f3 hidropericardio y quistes testiculares, sin evidencia de ascitis. Durante el examen histopatol\u00f3gico, se observ\u00f3 necrosis intestinal grave, lesiones renales caracter\u00edsticas de glomerulonefritis membranoproliferativa y, en los test\u00edculos, atrofia sin c\u00e9lulas germinales epiteliales ni t\u00fabulos semin\u00edferos. El an\u00e1lisis del alimento revel\u00f3 altos niveles de sodio (0.64% en el alimento de inicio y 0.65% en el de finalizaci\u00f3n). Los ensayos de PCR detectaron ADN de adenovirus, con resultados positivos en el d\u00eda 15 y negativos en el d\u00eda 35, mientras que los cultivos bacterianos identificaron Escherichia coli con resistencia a m\u00faltiples f\u00e1rmacos. Los s\u00edntomas y la mortalidad no mejoraron con el tratamiento antibi\u00f3tico. Aunque se detect\u00f3 ADN de adenovirus, los hallazgos histopatol\u00f3gicos respaldaron la toxicidad del sodio como el principal factor causal. El examen histopatol\u00f3gico, junto con los ensayos de PCR, es crucial para lograr una comprensi\u00f3n completa y precisa de las causas subyacentes en estos casos. Estos hallazgos muestran que puede haber una interacci\u00f3n entre una dieta desequilibrada y los pat\u00f3genos en los pollos de engorde y, por lo tanto, la necesidad de una formulaci\u00f3n precisa de los alimentos y enfoques de diagn\u00f3stico para detectar m\u00faltiples causas de trastornos en los sistemas de producci\u00f3n av\u00edcola.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1637\/aviandiseases-d-25-00010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T11:17:30Z","timestamp":1767093450000},"page":"435-439","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Testicular Cysts in Broilers: A Study on Chronic Sodium Toxicity and Pathogenic Synergies"],"prefix":"10.1637","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Pouneh","family":"Hajipour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacterial Diseases, P.O. Box 1483795813, Sana Institute for Avian Health and Diseases Research, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehdi","family":"Khalilzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fungal, Parasitic and Metabolic Diseases, P.O. Box 1483795813, Sana Institute for Avian Health and Diseases Research, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Reza","family":"Danaeifard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Viral Diseases, P.O. Box 1483795813, Sana Institute for Avian Health and Diseases Research, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omid","family":"Dezfoulian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Lorestan University, P.O. Box 465, Khorram Abad, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1247-4591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jamshid","family":"Razmyar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 1419963111, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1212","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T Aire, J Soley, H Groenewald,  \"Res Vet Sci.\"  74, \"A morphological study of simple testicular cysts in the ostrich (Struthio camelus).\" 153 (2003)","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(02)00158-3"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CD Gornatti-Churria, R Poppenga, CF Jerry, et al.  \"J Vet Diagn Investig.\"  37, \"Sodium toxicosis in chickens: case series (2014\u20132023) and literature review.\" 114 (2025)","DOI":"10.1177\/10406387241300476"},{"key":"3","unstructured":"M Pattison, PF McMullin, JM Bradbury, et al.  \"Poultry Diseases.\"  \"Other disorders, poisons and toxins.\" 491 (2007)"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RA Gallardo, AP da Silva, R Gilbert, et al.  \"Avian Dis.\"  66, \"Testicular atrophy and epididymitis-orchitis associated with infectious bronchitis virus in broiler breeder roosters.\" 112 (2022)","DOI":"10.1637\/21-00108"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H Alavizadeh, Z Moosavi, GH Tabar,  \"Vet Res Forum.\"  15, \"Investigating hydropericardium syndrome with different histopathological techniques in broiler chickens.\" 559 (2024)","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-3238911\/v1"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R Crespo, M Subbiah, C Corsiglia, et al.  \"Avian Dis.\"  52, \"Bilateral malacia associated with sodium poisoning in turkey poults.\" 179 (2008)","DOI":"10.1637\/8025-053107-Case"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DE Swayne, M Boulianne, CM Logue, et al.  \"Diseases of Poultry.\"  \"Sodium toxicity.\" 1289 (2020)","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119371199"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J Howell  and RC Gumbrell  \"N Z Vet J.\"  40, \"Salt poisoning in broiler chickens.\" 85 (1992)","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.1992.35706"},{"key":"9","unstructured":"MO North  and DD Bell  \"Commercial Chicken Production Manual.\"  (1990)"},{"key":"10","unstructured":"L Ruangpan  and EA Tendencia  \"Laboratory manual of standardized methods for antimicrobial sensitivity tests for bacteria isolated from aquatic animals and environment.\"  (2004)"},{"key":"11","unstructured":"I Lewis  and S James  \"Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing.\"  (2024)"},{"key":"12","unstructured":"B Perelman, Y Farnoushi, H Krispin, et al.  \"Isr J Vet Med.\"  71, \"Salt intoxication in commercial broilers and breeders\u2014a clinical and pathological description.\" 53 (2016)"},{"key":"13","unstructured":"Y Ravikumar, G Sawale, G Ramesh, et al.  \"Pharma Innov.\"  8, \"Occurrence of salt toxicosis in broiler chicken.\" 316 (2019)"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W Zhang, F Gao, Q Zhu, et al.  \"Poult Sci.\"  90, \"Dietary sodium butyrate alleviates the oxidative stress induced by corticosterone exposure and improves meat quality in broiler chickens.\" 2592 (2011)","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2011-01446"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W. Siller,  \"Avian Pathol.\"  10, \"Renal pathology of the fowl\u2014a review.\" 187 (1981)","DOI":"10.1080\/03079458108418474"}],"container-title":["Avian Diseases"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/avian-diseases\/volume-69\/issue-4\/aviandiseases-D-25-00010\/Testicular-Cysts-in-Broilers--A-Study-on-Chronic-Sodium\/10.1637\/aviandiseases-D-25-00010.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T22:21:58Z","timestamp":1791238918000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/avian-diseases\/volume-69\/issue-4\/aviandiseases-D-25-00010\/Testicular-Cysts-in-Broilers--A-Study-on-Chronic-Sodium\/10.1637\/aviandiseases-D-25-00010.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1637\/aviandiseases-d-25-00010","relation":{},"ISSN":["0005-2086","1938-4351"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0005-2086","type":"print"},{"value":"1938-4351","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]}}}