{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T09:36:26Z","timestamp":1793439386111,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"American Association of Zoo Veterinarians","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>An approximately 41-yr-old female Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) experiencing forelimb stiffness and decreased range of motion was diagnosed with bilateral carpal osteoarthritis (OA). Standing sedation combined with local anesthesia was used to deliver ultrasound-guided carpal articular injections of an autologous conditioned serum product, interleukin receptor antagonist protein, combined with hyaluronic acid. Within 2 mo of completing therapy, improved range and speed of motion were evident. Reduced inflammation was suggested by decreased carpal articular prostaglandin E2 levels. Subjectively improved clinical signs lasted approximately 5\u20136 mo, at which point carpal articular injections were repeated. Joint inflammatory markers were useful in gauging response to treatment and may provide guidance in the diagnostic and therapeutic approach to elephant OA. On the basis of the positive response noted, interarticular autologous therapy combined with hyaluronic acid should be considered for carpal OA in elephants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1638\/2019-0113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,2]],"date-time":"2021-04-02T10:15:58Z","timestamp":1617358558000},"page":"401-405","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["USE OF INTRACARPAL INTERLEUKIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST PROTEIN (IRAP) AND HYALURONIC ACID IN A MULTIMODAL THERAPEUTIC REGIME FOR OSTEOARTHRITIS IN AN ASIAN ELEPHANT (ELEPHAS MAXIMUS)"],"prefix":"10.1638","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Jessica L.","family":"Siegal-Willott","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Anikis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald L.","family":"Neiffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tony","family":"Barthel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurie R.","family":"Goodrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1213","reference":[{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"R Isaza, E Wiedner, S Hiser, et al.  \"J Vet Diagn Invest.\"  26, \"Reference intervals for acute phase protein and serum protein electrophoresis values in captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus).\" 616 (2014)","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638714543923"},{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AL Bertone, JL Palmer, J Jones,  \"Vet Surg.\"  30, \"Synovial fluid cytokines and eicosanoids as markers of joint disease in horses.\" 528 (2001)","DOI":"10.1053\/jvet.2001.28430"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DD Frisbie, CE Kawcak, NM Werpy, et al.  \"Am J Vet Res.\"  68, \"Clinical, biochemical, and histologic effects of intra-articular administration of autologous conditioned serum in horses with experimentally induced osteoarthritis.\" 290 (2007)","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.68.3.290"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CP Kilgallon, RS Larsen, A Wong, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  46, \"Analysis of a collagen II degradation protein C2C and a collagen II formation protein CP II in serum of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus).\" 146 (2015)","DOI":"10.1638\/2011-0072R3.1"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CA Kirker-Head, VK Chandna, RK Agarwal, et al.  \"Am J Vet Res.\"  61, \"Concentrations of substance P and prostaglandin E2 in synovial fluid of normal and abnormal joints of horses.\" 714 (2000)","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2000.61.714"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CW. McIlwraith,  \"Equine Vet Educ.\"  27, \"Management of joint diseases in horses: current and future prospects.\" 335 (2015)","DOI":"10.1111\/eve.12364"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CW McIlwraith, DD Frisbie, CE Kawcak,  \"Br Ed Soc Bone Joint Surg.\"  , \"The horse as a model of naturally occurring osteoarthritis.\"  (2012)","DOI":"10.1302\/2046-3758.111.2000132"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MA Miller, JN Hogan, CL Meehan,  \"PLoS ONE.\"  11, \"Housing and demographic risk factors impacting foot and musculoskeletal health in African elephants (Loxodonta africana) and Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in North American zoos.\" 1 (2016)","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0155223"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Textor,  \"Vet Clin Equine.\"  27, \"Autologous biologic treatment for equine musculoskeletal injuries: platelet-rich plasma and IL-1 receptor antagonist protein.\" 275 (2011)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2011.05.001"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R Van Den Boom, HA Van De Lest, S Bull, et al.  \"Equine Vet J.\"  37, \"Influence of repeated arthrocentesis and exercise on synovial fluid concentrations of nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2 and glycosaminoglycans in healthy equine joints.\" 250 (2005)","DOI":"10.2746\/0425164054530740"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G Wang, X Li, R Jiang, et al.  \"Bull Vet Inst Pulawy.\"  59, \"Changes in synovial fluid inflammatory mediators and cartilage biomarkers after experimental acute equine synovitis.\" 129 (2015)","DOI":"10.1515\/bvip-2015-0019"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E. Wiedner,  \"Zoo and wild animal medicine, Volume 8, Current therapy.\"  , \"Proboscidea.\" 517 (2015)","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4557-7397-8.00053-0"}],"container-title":["Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T09:28:43Z","timestamp":1793438923000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-zoo-and-wildlife-medicine\/volume-52\/issue-1\/2019-0113\/USE-OF-INTRACARPAL-INTERLEUKIN-RECEPTOR-ANTAGONIST-PROTEIN-IRAP-AND-HYALURONIC\/10.1638\/2019-0113.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1638\/2019-0113","relation":{},"ISSN":["1042-7260","1937-2825"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1042-7260","type":"print"},{"value":"1937-2825","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]}}}