{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T12:33:29Z","timestamp":1793450009375,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"American Association of Zoo Veterinarians","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Mavacoxib is a selective cyclooxygenase-2 nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that has been used for management of osteoarthritis and other inflammatory conditions in dogs. The main advantage of mavacoxib over other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is its longer plasma half-life, leading to decreased dosing frequency. This study determined the pharmacokinetics of mavacoxib in Caribbean flamingos (Phoenicopterus ruber ruber) after a single-dose oral administration of 6 mg\/kg (n = 6). Plasma mavacoxib concentrations were determined using liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry, and pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using noncompartmental methods. Mean peak plasma concentration (Cmax) was (mean; range) 2.97 (2.19\u2013\u20134.06) \u00b5g\/ml; mean time to peak plasma concentration (Tmax) was 18.68 (4.00\u201348.00) hr; mean area under the curve (AUC) was 455 (292\u2013637) hr * \u00b5g\/ml; and mean terminal half-life (T1\/2) was 74.47 (49.57\u2013161.43) hr. Based on the results of this study, mavacoxib dosed at 6 mg\/kg orally in Caribbean flamingos reaches plasma concentrations above the therapeutic concentration established for dogs, but further studies are needed to determine appropriate dosing recommendations in flamingos.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1638\/2019-0161","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,17]],"date-time":"2020-03-17T07:43:50Z","timestamp":1584431030000},"page":"53-58","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["PHARMACOKINETICS OF ORAL MAVACOXIB IN CARIBBEAN FLAMINGOS (PHOENICOPTERUS RUBER RUBER)"],"prefix":"10.1638","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Gail L.","family":"Huckins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James W.","family":"Carpenter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Butch","family":"KuKanich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1213","reference":[{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DM Lindemann, JW Carpenter, B KuKanich,  \"J Avian Med Surg.\"  30, \"Pharmacokinetics of a single dose of oral and subcutaneous meloxicam in Caribbean flamingos (Phoenicopterus ruber ruber).\" 14 (2016)","DOI":"10.1647\/2014-065"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SL Curry, SM Cogar, JL Cook,  \"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc.\"  41, \"Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: a review.\" 298 (2005)","DOI":"10.5326\/0410298"},{"key":"1","unstructured":"G Antonissen, A Martel, T Goessens, et al.  \"Proc 2nd Internat Conf Avian Herpetolog Exot Mammal Med.\"  , \"Comparative pharmacokinetics of celecoxib and mavacoxib in cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus).\" 400 (2015)"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K. Baert,  \"Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in birds.\"  ,  (2003)","DOI":"10.1016\/S1532-0456(02)00184-9"},{"key":"3","unstructured":"AM Barcelo, M Ardiaca, S De Baere, et al.  \"Proc 4th Internat Conf Avian Herpetolog Exot Mammal Med.\"  , \"Population pharmacokinetics of mavacoxib after oral administration of a single dose to African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus).\" 385 (2019)"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GR Browning, JW Carpenter, GC Magnin, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  49, \"Pharmacokinetics of oral gabapentin in Caribbean flamingos (Phoenicopterus ruber ruber).\" 609 (2018)","DOI":"10.1638\/2017-0245.1"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SR Cox, SP Lesman, JF Boucher, et al.  \"J Vet Pharmacol Ther.\"  33, \"The pharmacokinetics of mavacoxib, a long-acting COX-2 inhibitor, in young adult laboratory dogs.\" 461 (2010)","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2010.01165.x"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L Dhondt, M Devreese, S Croubels, et al.  \"Sci Rep.\"  7, \"Comparative population pharmacokinetics and absolute oral bioavailability of COX-2 selective inhibitors celecoxib, mavacoxib and meloxicam in cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus).\" 12043 (2017)","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-12159-z"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MG. Hawkins,  \"J Exot Pet Med.\"  15, \"The use of analgesics in birds, reptiles, and small exotic mammals.\" 177 (2006)","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jepm.2006.06.004"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MG Hawkins  and J Paul-Murphy  \"Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract.\"  14, \"Avian analgesia.\" 61 (2011)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvex.2010.09.011"},{"key":"10","unstructured":"et al.  \"ISIS physiological reference intervals for captive wildlife [CD-ROM].\"  , \"International Species Information System (ISIS).\"  (2013)"},{"key":"11","unstructured":"CE. King,  \"Flamingo. Bulletin of the IUCNSSC\/Wetlands International Flamingo Specialist Group.\"  , \"The potential contribution of captive flamingos in research.\" 61 (2008)"},{"key":"12","unstructured":"P Lees, S Alexander-Bowman, B Hummel, et al.  \"J Vet Pharmacol Ther.\"  32, \"Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of mavacoxib in the dog.\" 105 (2009)"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P Lees, L Pelligand, J Elliott, et al.  \"J Vet Pharmacol Ther.\"  38, \"Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, toxicology and therapeutics of mavacoxib in the dog: a review.\" 1 (2015)","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12185"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KL. Machin,  \"Semin Avian Exot Pet Med.\"  14, \"Avian analgesia.\" 236 (2005)","DOI":"10.1053\/j.saep.2005.09.004"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M Mathonnet, F Lalloue, E Danty, et al.  \"Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol.\"  28, \"Cyclo-oxygenase 2 tissue distribution and developmental pattern of expression in the chicken.\" 425 (2001)","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1681.2001.3476.x"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BP Monteiro-Steagall, PVM Steagall, BDX Lascelles,  \"J Vet Intern Med.\"  27, \"Systematic review of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced adverse effects in dogs.\" 1011 (2013)","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12127"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AM Nielsen, SS Nielsen, CE King, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  41, \"Classification and prevalence of foot lesions in captive flamingos (Phoenicopteridae).\" 44 (2010)","DOI":"10.1638\/2009-0095.1"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AM Nielsen, SS Nielsen, CE King, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  43, \"Risk factors for development of foot lesions in captive flamingos (Phoenicopteridae).\" 744 (2012)","DOI":"10.1638\/2011-0059R2.1"},{"key":"20","unstructured":"TM Norton, J Raymond, S Clubb, et al.  \"Flamingo husbandry guidelines: a joint effort of the AZA and EAZA in cooperation with WWT.\"  , \"Health and medicine.\" 130 (2001)"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JR Vane, WS Bakhle, RM Botting,  \"Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol.\"  38, \"Cyclooxygenases 1 and 2.\" 97 (1998)","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pharmtox.38.1.97"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"FS Wyss  and CJ Wenker  \"Fowler's zoo and wild animal medicine.\"  8, \"Phoenicopteriformes.\" 105 (2015)","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4557-7397-8.00014-1"}],"container-title":["Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T12:06:10Z","timestamp":1793448370000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-zoo-and-wildlife-medicine\/volume-51\/issue-1\/2019-0161\/PHARMACOKINETICS-OF-ORAL-MAVACOXIB-IN-CARIBBEAN-FLAMINGOS-PHOENICOPTERUS-RUBER-RUBER\/10.1638\/2019-0161.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,17]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1638\/2019-0161","relation":{},"ISSN":["1042-7260","1937-2825"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1042-7260","type":"print"},{"value":"1937-2825","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,17]]}}}