{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T05:53:52Z","timestamp":1757310832794},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"American Association of Zoo Veterinarians","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]},"DOI":"10.1638\/2019-0185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,2]],"date-time":"2021-04-02T14:16:54Z","timestamp":1617373014000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["EVALUATING THE USE OF A BUTORPHANOL-AZAPERONE-MEDETOMIDINE FIXED-DOSE COMBINATION FOR STANDING SEDATION IN AFRICAN ELEPHANTS (LOXODONTA AFRICANA)"],"prefix":"10.1638","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Liesel L.","family":"Laubscher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silke","family":"Pfitzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter S.","family":"Rogers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa L.","family":"Wolfe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael W.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aleksandr","family":"Semjonov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacobus P.","family":"Raath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1213","reference":[{"key":"43","unstructured":"MD. Sinclair,  \"Can Vet J.\"  44, \"A review of the physiological effects of alpha 2-agonists related to the clinical use of medetomidine in small animal practice.\" 885 (2003)"},{"key":"13","unstructured":"J Hattingh, CM Knox, JP Raath,  \"S Afr J Wildl Res.\"  24, \"Arterial blood pressure and blood gas composition of white rhinoceroses under etorphine anaesthesia.\" 12 (1994)"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JC Murrell  and LJ Hellebrekers  \"Vet Anaesth Analg.\"  32, \"Medetomidine and dexmedetomidine: A review of cardiovascular effects and antinociceptive properties in the dog.\" 117 (2005)","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2005.00233.x"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BF Miller, DA Osborn, WR Lance, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  45, \"Butorphanol-azaperone-medetomidine for immobilization of captive white-tailed deer.\" 457 (2009)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-45.2.457"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"PM Mich, LL Wolfe, TM Sirochman, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  39, \"Evaluation of intramuscular butorphanol, azaperone, and medetomidine and nasal oxygen insufflation for the chemical immobilization of white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus.\" 480 (2008)","DOI":"10.1638\/2007-0150.1"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A Roug, H Talley, T Davis, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  54, \"A mixture of butorphanol, azaperone, and medetomidine for the immobilization of American beavers (Castor canadensis).\" 617 (2018)","DOI":"10.7589\/2017-12-296"},{"key":"51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LL Wolfe, MC Fisher, TR Davis, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  50, \"Efficacy of a low-dosage combination of butorphanol, azaperone, and medetomidine (BAM) to immobilize Rocky Mountain elk.\" 676 (2014)","DOI":"10.7589\/2014-02-026"},{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M Bush, SB Citino, WR Lance,  \"Zoo and wild animal medicine, Volume 7, Current therapy.\"  , \"The use of butorphanol in anesthesia protocols for zoo and wild mammals.\" 1 (2011)","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4377-1986-4.00077-9"},{"key":"2","unstructured":"NA Caulkett, PH Cribb, T Duke,  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  25, \"Cardiopulmonary effects of medetomidine-ketamine immobilization with atipamezole reversal and carfentanil-xylazine immobilization with naltrexone reversal: a comparative study in domestic sheep (Ovis ovis).\" 376 (1994)"},{"key":"3","unstructured":"NA Caulkett, T Duke, PH Cribb,  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  27, \"Cardiopulmonary effects of medetomidine: ketamine in domestic sheep (Ovis ovis) maintained in sternal recumbency.\" 217 (1996)"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E Chittick, W Horne, B Wolfe, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  32, \"Cardiopulmonary assessment of medetomidine, ketamine and butorphanol anaesthesia in captive Thomson's gazelles (Gazella thomsoni).\" 168 (2001)","DOI":"10.1638\/1042-7260(2001)032[0168:CAOMKA]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W Cook, D Cain, T Hensley,  \"Poult Fish Wildl Sci.\"  4, \"Tissue residue levels of butorphanol, azaperone, medetomidine, atipamezole, and naltrexone in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginanus) at 11 and 21 days post intramuscular injection.\" 10 (2016)","DOI":"10.4172\/2375-446X.1000168"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LK. Cullen,  \"Br Vet J.\"  152, \"Medetomidine sedation in dogs and cats: a review of its pharmacology, antagonism and dose.\" 519 (1996)","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-1935(96)80005-4"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A Dangolla, I Silva, VY Kuruwita,  \"Vet Anaesth Analg.\"  31, \"Neuroleptanalgesia in wild Asian elephants (Elephas maximus maximus).\" 276 (2004)","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2004.00166.x"},{"key":"8","unstructured":"JG. du Toit,  \"Veterinary care of African elephants.\"  ,  (2001)"},{"key":"9","unstructured":"\u00c5. Fahlman,  \"Advances in wildlife immobilisation and anaesthesia.\"  ,  (2008)"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JW. Flacke,  \"J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth.\"  6, \"Alpha 2-adrenergic agonists in cardiovascular anesthesia.\" 344 (1992)","DOI":"10.1016\/1053-0770(92)90156-2"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ME Fowler  and SK Mikota  \"Biology, medicine and surgery of elephants.\"  ,  (2006)","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470344484"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CM Hansen  and KB Beckmen  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  54, \"Butorphanol-azaperone-medetomidine for the immobilization of captive caribou (Rangifer tarandus granti) in Alaska, USA.\" 650 (2018)","DOI":"10.7589\/2017-12-312"},{"key":"14","unstructured":"J Hattingh, CM Knox, JP Raath, et al.  \"S Afr J Wildl Res.\"  24, \"Arterial blood-pressure in anesthetized african elephants.\" 15 (1994)"},{"key":"15","unstructured":"VL Honeyman, GR Pettifer, DH Dyson,  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  23, \"Arterial blood pressue and blood gas values in normal standing and laterally recumbent African (Loxodonta africana) and Asian (Elaphus maximus) elephants.\" 205 (1992)"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D Hyeroba, P Apell, T Goldberg, et al.  \"Vet Rec.\"  172, \"Ketamine-medetomidine regimen for chemical immobilisation of free-ranging chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in Uganda.\" 475 (2013)","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.101336"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R Isaza, BJ Behnke, JK Bailey, et al.  \"Respir Physiol Neurobiol.\"  134, \"Arterial blood gas control in the upright versus recumbent Asian elephant.\" 169 (2003)","DOI":"10.1016\/S1569-9048(02)00214-8"},{"key":"18","unstructured":"ER Jacobson, J Allen, H Martin, et al.  \"Am Vet Med Assoc.\"  187, \"Effects of yohimbine on combined xylazine-ketamine\u2013induced sedation and immobilization in juvenile African elephants.\" 1195 (1985)"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SM Kirschner  and R Rodenkirch  \"Anim Reprod Sci.\"  184, \"Assessment of butorphanol-azaperone-medetomidine combination as anesthesia for semen collection and evaluation of semen quality in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus).\" 196 (2017)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2017.07.016"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"HK Knych, HC Casbeer, DS Mckemie, et al.  \"J Vet Pharmacol Ther.\"  36, \"Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of butorphanol following intravenous administration to the horse.\" 21 (2013)","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2012.01385.x"},{"key":"21","unstructured":"et al.  \"Chemical and physical restraint of wild animals.\"  ,  (2012)"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R Lapid  and Y Shilo-Benjamini  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  46, \"Immobilization of captive Nubian ibex (Capra nubiana) with butorphanolmidazolam-medetomidine or butorphanol-azaperone-medetomidine and atipamezole reversal.\" 291 (2015)","DOI":"10.1638\/2014-0202R1.1"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"I L\u00fcders, B Tindall, D Young, et al.  \"Vet J.\"  209, \"Standing sedation with medetomidine and butorphanol in captive African elephants (Loxodonta africana).\" 190 (2016)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.07.014"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G Mentaberre, JR L\u00f3pez-Olvera, E Casas-D\u00edaz, et al.  \"Eur J Wildl Res.\"  56, \"Effects of azaperone and haloperidol on the stress response of drive-net captured Iberian ibexes (Capra pyrenaica).\" 757 (2010)","DOI":"10.1007\/s10344-010-0371-3"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G Mentaberre, JR Lopez-Olvera, E Casas-D\u00edaz, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  46, \"Haloperidol and azaperone in drive-net captured southern chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica).\" 923 (2010)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-46.3.923"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LCR Meyer, RS Hetem, LG Fick, et al.  \"S Afr Vet Assoc.\"  79, \"Thermal, cardiorespiratory and cortisol responses of impala (Aepyceros melampus) to chemical immobilisation with 4 different drug combinations.\" 121 (2008)","DOI":"10.4102\/jsava.v79i3.258"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DL Neiffer, MA Miller, M Weber, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  36, \"Standing sedation in African elephants (Loxodonta africana) using detomidine-butorphanol combinations.\" 250 (2005)","DOI":"10.1638\/04-013.1"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"TJ. Portas,  \"Aust Vet J.\"  82, \"A review of drugs and techniques used for sedation and anaesthesia in captive rhinoceros species.\" 542 (2004)","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2004.tb11196.x"},{"key":"32","unstructured":"E. Ramsay,  \"Proceedings of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians.\"  , \"Standing sedation and tranquilization in captive African elephants (Loxodonta africana).\" 111 (2000)"},{"key":"33","unstructured":"et al.  \"Veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics.\"  ,  (2009)"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B Sarma, SC Pathak, KK Sarma,  \"Res Vet Sci.\"  73, \"Medetomidine\u2014a novel immobilizing agent for the elephant (Elephas maximus).\" 315 (2002)","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(02)00044-9"},{"key":"36","unstructured":"JM. Savola,  \"Acta Vet Scand.\"  85, \"Cardiovascular actions of medetomidine and their reversal by atipamezole.\" 39 (1989)"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H Scheinin, R Virtanen, E MaDonald, et al.  \"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry.\"  13, \"Medetomidine\u2014a novel \u03b12-adrenoceptor agonist: a review of its pharmacodynamic effects.\" 635 (1989)","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-5846(89)90051-1"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. Schnellbacher,  \"J Exot Pet Med.\"  19, \"Butorphanol.\" 192 (2010)","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jepm.2010.06.009"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A Semjonov, V Andrianov, JP Raath, et al.  \"Vet Anaesth Analg.\"  45, \"Evaluation of butorphanol-azaperone-medetomidine (BAM) in captive blesbok immobilization (Damaliscus pygargus phillipsi).\" 496 (2018)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2017.03.011"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A Semjonov, V Andrianov, JP Raath, et al.  \"Vet Anaesth Analg.\"  46, \"Evaluation of butorphanol-azaperone-medetomidine (BAM) in captive cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) immobilization.\" 90 (2019)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2018.09.038"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A Semjonov, V Andrianov, JP Raath, et al.  \"Vet Anaesth Analg.\"  44, \"Evaluation of BAM (butorphanol\u2013azaperone\u2013medetomidine) in captive African lion (Panthera leo) immobilization.\" 883 (2017)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2017.02.001"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MS. Silberman,  \"J Zoo Anim Med.\"  8, \"Tranquilization of the African elephant (Loxodonta africana, Blumenbach) with the neuroleptic azaperone.\" 7 (1977)","DOI":"10.2307\/20460167"},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JB Smith, JA Jenks, TW Grovenburg, et al.  \"PLoS One.\"  9, \"Disease and predation: sorting out causes of a bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) decline.\" e88271 (2014)","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0088271"},{"key":"45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GF. Stegmann,  \"J S Afr Vet Assoc.\"  70, \"Etorphine-halothane anaesthesia in two five-year-old African elephants (Loxodonta africana).\" 164 (1999)","DOI":"10.4102\/jsava.v70i4.789"},{"key":"46","unstructured":"J Still, JP Raath, L Matzner,  \"J S Afr Vet Assoc.\"  67, \"Respiratory and circulatory parameters of African elephants (Loxodonta africana) anaesthetised with etorphine and azaperone.\" 123 (1996)"},{"key":"47","unstructured":"GE. Swan,  \"The capture and care manual.\"  , \"Drugs used for the immobilization, capture, and translocation of wild animals.\" 3 (1993)"},{"key":"48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LM Tana, R Isaza, DE Koch, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  41, \"Pharmacokinetics and intramuscular bioavailability of a single dose of butorphanol in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus).\" 418 (2010)","DOI":"10.1638\/2009-0073.1"},{"key":"49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R Virtanen, JM Savola, V Saano, et al.  \"Eur J Pharmacol.\"  150, \"Characterization of the selectivity, specificity and potency of medetomidine as an alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist.\" 9 (1988)","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(88)90744-3"},{"key":"50","unstructured":"DJ Heard  and NA Caulkett  \"Zoo animal and wildlife immobilization and anesthesia.\"  ,  (2007)"},{"key":"52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LL Wolfe, C Goshorn, S Baruch-Mordo,  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  44, \"Immobilization of black bears (Ursus americanus) with a combination of butorphanol, azaperone, and medetomidine.\" 748 (2008)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-44.3.748"},{"key":"53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E. Young,  \"Koedoe.\"  15, \"Notes on the chemical immobilization and restraint of Addo elephant (Loxodonta africana).\" 97 (1972)","DOI":"10.4102\/koedoe.v15i1.675"}],"container-title":["Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,2]],"date-time":"2021-04-02T14:17:20Z","timestamp":1617373040000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-zoo-and-wildlife-medicine\/volume-52\/issue-1\/2019-0185\/EVALUATING-THE-USE-OF-A-BUTORPHANOL-AZAPERONE-MEDETOMIDINE-FIXED-DOSE\/10.1638\/2019-0185.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1638\/2019-0185","relation":{},"ISSN":["1042-7260"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1042-7260","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]}}}