{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T23:57:11Z","timestamp":1791244631997,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Association of Zoo Veterinarians","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Nematodes of the superfamily Trichostrongyloidea, particularly abomasal species, have severe clinical implications associated with high morbidity and potential mortality of exotic ruminants housed in zoological institutions. The life cycle and ecology of Trichostrongyloid gastrointestinal nematodes (TGN) present challenges in their control including development of anthelmintic resistance and reinfection in high-density managed herds. Copper oxide wire particles (COWP) are used to help control TGN infections in ruminants, administered as a bolus or a feed additive. This study investigated the effects of frequent, low-dose administration of COWP fed as a top dressing on strongyle fecal egg counts (FEC) in gemsbok (Oryx gazella) and sable antelope (Hippotragus niger). Six years of FEC data (n = 33), obtained using a modified McMaster fecal flotation, were analyzed from individuals at Fossil Rim Wildlife Center, treated exclusively with commercially available COWP in a topdressing application dosed at 25 mg\/kg every 30\u201360 days. COWP decreased FEC in both species by a mean FEC reduction ratio of 45%, a statistically significant difference (p &lt; 0.05) using a one-tailed paired t-test log-stabilized to minimize variance; no clinically negative effects, including copper toxicity, were observed. COWP were more effective at reducing FEC in individuals with pre-treatment FEC greater than 1000 eggs\/g of feces, a statistically significant difference (p &lt; 0.05). We conclude that frequent, low dose, top dressing application of COWP is effective at reducing FEC in sable and gemsbok, but COWP should not serve as a stand-alone method or to treat clinically affected exotic ruminants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1638\/2022-0051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T04:19:26Z","timestamp":1741580366000},"page":"113-120","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF FREQUENT, LOW-DOSE COPPER OXIDE WIRE PARTICLE TREATMENTS, FED AS A TOP DRESSING, ON GASTROINTESTINAL TRICHOSTRONGYLOID NEMATODE FECAL EGG COUNTS IN SABLE (HIPPOTRAGUS NIGER) AND GEMSBOK (ORYX GAZELLA)"],"prefix":"10.1638","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Avery","family":"Tilley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Swenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holly J.","family":"Haefele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1213","reference":[{"key":"1","unstructured":"A Adogwa, A Mutani, A Ramnanan, et al.  \"The Canadian Veterinary Journal.\"  46, \"The effect of gastrointestinal parasitism on blood copper and hemoglobin levels in sheep.\" 1017 (2005)"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KS Bang, AS Familton, AR Sykes,  \"Res Vet Sci.\"  49, \"Effect of ostertagiasis on copper status in sheep: a study involving the use of copper oxide wire particles.\" 306 (1990)","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5288(90)90064-B"},{"key":"3","unstructured":"\"Georgis' parasitology for veterinarians.\"  162 (2013)"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W Boyce, J Allen, C Himmelwright, et al.  \"J Am Vet Med Assoc.\"  198, \"Implementation and evaluation of a strategic parasite control program for captive exotic ungulates.\" 1972 (1991)","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1991.198.11.1972"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JM Burke  and JE Miller  \"Vet Parasitol.\"  141, \"Control of Haemonchus contortus in ewes and does with a sustained-release multi-trace element\/vitamin ruminal bolus.\" 132 (2006a)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.04.014"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JM Burke  and JE Miller  \"Vet Parasitol.\"  139, \"Evaluation of multiple low dose copper oxide wire particle boluses for control of Haemonchus contortus in lambs.\" 145 (2006b)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.02.030"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JM Burke, JE Miller, DK Brauer,  \"Vet Parasitol.\"  131, \"The effectiveness of copper wire particles as an anthelmintic in pregnant ewes and safety to offspring.\" 291 (2005)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.05.009"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JM Burke, JE Miller, DD Olcott, et al.  \"Vet Parasitol.\"  123, \"Effect of copper oxide wire particles dosage and feed supplement level on Haemonchus contortus infection in lambs.\" 235 (2004)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2004.06.009"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JM Burke, F Soli, JE Miller, et al.  \"Vet Parasitol.\"  168, \"Administration of copper oxide wire particles in a capsule or feed for gastrointestinal nematode control in goats.\" 346 (2010)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.10.027"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JM Burke, TH Terrill, RR Kallu, et al.  \"J Anim Sci.\"  85, \"Use of copper oxide wire particles to control gastrointestinal nematodes in goats.\" 2753 (2007)","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2006-784"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C Chartier, E Etter, H Hoste, et al.  \"Vet Res Commun.\"  24, \"Efficacy of copper oxide needles for the control of nematode parasites in dairy goats.\" 389 (2000)","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006474217064"},{"key":"12","unstructured":"MM Clancy, RA Sadler, M Marinkovich, et al.  \"Proc Am Assoc Zoo Vet.\"  2020, \"Use of percutaneous liver biopsy to best assess mineral levels in non-domestic bovids.\" 19"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GC Coles, C Bauer, FHM Borgsteede, et al.  \"Vet Parasitol.\"  44, \"World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (WAAVP) methods for the detection of anthelmintic resistance in nematodes of veterinary importance.\" 35 (1992)","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(92)90141-U"},{"key":"14","unstructured":"TM. 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Watson,  \"Large animal internal medicine.\"  \"Diseases of the hematopoietic and hemolymphatic systems.\" 1065 (2015)"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Zajac,  \"Vet Clin Food Anim.\"  22, \"Gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants: life cycle, anthelmintics, and diagnosis.\" 529 (2006)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2006.07.006"}],"container-title":["Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T23:29:11Z","timestamp":1791242951000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-zoo-and-wildlife-medicine\/volume-56\/issue-1\/2022-0051\/RETROSPECTIVE-ANALYSIS-OF-FREQUENT-LOW-DOSE-COPPER-OXIDE-WIRE-PARTICLE\/10.1638\/2022-0051.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1638\/2022-0051","relation":{},"ISSN":["1042-7260","1937-2825"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1042-7260","type":"print"},{"value":"1937-2825","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]]}}}