{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T09:40:16Z","timestamp":1774690816952,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"American Association of Zoo Veterinarians","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]]},"DOI":"10.1638\/2022-0118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]],"date-time":"2024-03-05T11:00:47Z","timestamp":1709636447000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["SINGLE-DOSE, MULTIPLE-DOSE, AND THERAPEUTIC DRUG MONITORING PHARMACOKINETICS OF FIROCOXIB IN ASIAN ELEPHANTS (ELEPHAS MAXIMUS)"],"prefix":"10.1638","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Jack","family":"Kottwitz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ursula","family":"Bechert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Crisanta","family":"Cruz-Espindola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. Mark","family":"Christensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dawn","family":"Boothe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1213","reference":[{"key":"55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GE Swan, R Cuthbert, M Quevedo, et al.  \"Biol Lett.\"  2, \"Toxicity of diclofenac to Gyps vultures.\" 279 (2006)","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2005.0425"},{"key":"49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SM Perry  and JG Nevarez  \"Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract.\"  21, \"Pain and its control in reptiles.\" 1 (2018)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvex.2017.08.001"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C Beretta, G Garavaglia, M Cavalli,  \"Pharmacol Res.\"  52, \"COX-1 and COX-2 inhibition in horse blood by phenylbutazone, flunixin, carprofen and meloxicam: an in vitro analysis.\" 302 (2005)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2005.04.004"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J Kottwitz, M Boothe, R Harmon, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  47, \"Results of the megavertebrate analgesia survey: elephants and rhino.\" 301 (2016)","DOI":"10.1638\/2015-0195.1"},{"key":"58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JR Vane, YS Bakhle, RM Botting,  \"Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol.\"  38, \"Cyclooxygenases 1 and 2.\" 97 (1998)","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pharmtox.38.1.97"},{"key":"57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JR. Vane,  \"Nat New Biol.\"  231, \"Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis as a mechanism of action for aspirin-like drugs.\" 232 (1971)","DOI":"10.1038\/newbio231232a0"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KD Lewis, DJ Shepherdson, TM Owens, et al.  \"Zoo Biol.\"  29, \"A survey of elephant husbandry and foot health in North American zoos.\" 221 (2010)","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.20291"},{"key":"51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LW Royal, BD Lascelles, GA Lewbart, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  43, \"Evaluation of cyclooxygenase protein expression in traumatized versus normal tissues from eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina).\" 289 (2012)","DOI":"10.1638\/2011-0154.1"},{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"TR Baker, BB Baker, SM Johnson, et al.  \"J Am Vet Med Assoc.\"  243, \"Comparative analgesic efficacy of morphine sulfate and butorphanol tartrate in koi (Cyprinus carpio) undergoing unilateral gonadectomy.\" 882 (2013)","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.243.6.882"},{"key":"52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JU Scher  and MH Pillinger  \"J Investig Med.\"  57, \"The anti-inflammatory effects of prostaglandins.\" 703 (2009)","DOI":"10.2310\/JIM.0b013e31819aaa76"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"NJ Beausoleil  and KJ Stafford  \"J Vet Behav.\"  7, \"Is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug required to alleviate pain behavior associated with liver biopsy in cattle?\" 245 (2012)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2011.09.001"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"US Bechert, JL Brown, ES Dierenfeld, et al.  \"Int Zoo Yearb.\"  53, \"Zoo elephant research: contributions to conservation of captive and free-ranging species.\" 89 (2019)","DOI":"10.1111\/izy.12211"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C Brideau, C Van Staden, CC Chan,  \"Am J Vet Res.\"  62, \"In vitro effects of cyclooxygenase inhibitors in whole blood of horses, dogs, and cats.\" 1755 (2001)","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2001.62.1755"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P Brooks, P Emery, JF Evans, et al.  \"Rheumatology (Oxford).\"  38, \"Interpreting the clinical significance of the differential inhibition of cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2.\" 779 (1999)","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/38.8.779"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A Bufalari, C Adami, G Angeli, et al.  \"Vet Res Commun.\"  31, \"Pain assessment in animals.\" 55 (2007)","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-007-0084-6"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Cox  and J Yarbrough  \"J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci.\"  879, \"Determination of firocoxib in equine plasma using high performance liquid chromatography.\" 205 (2011)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2010.11.026"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B Cuniberti, R Odore, R Barbero, et al.  \"Vet J.\"  191, \"In vitro and ex vivo pharmacodynamics of selected non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in equine whole blood.\" 327 (2012)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2011.03.016"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J Daglish  and KR Mama  \"Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract.\"  32, \"Pain: Its diagnosis and management in the rehabilitation of horses.\" 13 (2016)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2015.12.005"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JL Davis, JF Marshall, MG Papich, et al.  \"J Vet Pharmacol Ther.\"  34, \"The pharmacokinetics and in vitro cyclooxygenase selectivity of deracoxib in horses.\" 12 (2011)","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2010.01185.x"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T de Kauwe, B Kimble, M Govendir,  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  45, \"Perceived efficacy of analgesic drug regimens used for koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) in Australia.\" 350 (2014)","DOI":"10.1638\/2013-0251R1.1"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JM Giraudel, PL Toutain, JN King, et al.  \"J Vet Pharmacol Ther.\"  32, \"Differential inhibition of cyclooxygenase isoenzymes in the cat by the NSAID robenacoxib.\" 31 (2009)","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2008.01031.x"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JM Giraudel, PL Toutain, P Lees,  \"Am J Vet Res.\"  66, \"Development of in vitro assays for the evaluation of cyclooxygenase inhibitors and predicting selectivity of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in cats.\" 700 (2005)","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2005.66.700"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F Giuliano  and TD Warner  \"J Pharmacol Exp Ther.\"  303, \"Origins of prostaglandin E2: involvements of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 in human and rat systems.\" 1001 (2002)","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.102.041244"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KB. Gleerup,  \"Vet Rec.\"  184, \"Assessing pain in horses.\" 124 (2019)","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.l385"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KB Gleerup, PH Andersen, L Munksgaard, et al.  \"Appl Anim Behav Sci.\"  171, \"Pain evaluation in dairy cattle.\" 25 (2015)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2015.08.023"},{"key":"27","unstructured":"W Greene, ES Dierenfeld, S Minkota,  \"J Zoo Aquar Res.\"  7, \"A review of Asian and African elephant gastrointestinal anatomy, physiology and pharmacology.\" 1 (2019)"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CP Kilgallon, S Larsen, A Wong, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  46, \"Analysis of a collagen II degradation protein C2C and a collagen II formation protein CP II in serum of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus).\" 146 (2015)","DOI":"10.1638\/2011-0072R3.1"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JN King, C Rudaz, L Borer, et al.  \"Res Vet Sci.\"  88, \"In vitro and ex vivo inhibition of canine cyclooxygenase isoforms by robenacoxib: a comparative study.\" 497 (2010)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2009.11.002"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J Kottwitz, U Bechert, C Cruz-Espindola, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  54, \"Serum disposition of a single dose of orally administered firocoxib in African elephants (Loxodonta africana).\" 350 (2023)","DOI":"10.1638\/2022-0117"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JJ Kottwitz, MA Edmondson, DM Boothe,  \"J Camel Pract Res.\"  25, \"Determination of whole blood levels of cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 isoenzyme activity in alpaca (Vicugna pacos).\" 255 (2018)","DOI":"10.5958\/2277-8934.2018.00034.6"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A Kulesza, L Paczek, A Burdzinska,  \"Biomedicines.\"  11, \"The role of COX-2 and PGE2 in the regulation of immunomodulation and other functions of mesenchymal stromal cells.\" 445 (2023)","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11020445"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V Kvaternick, T Malinski, J Wortmann, et al.  \"J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci.\"  854, \"Quantitative HPLC-UV method for the determination of firocoxib from horse and dog plasma.\" 313 (2007)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2007.04.037"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KL. Machin,  \"Sem Avian Exotic Pet Med.\"  14, \"Avian analgesia.\" 236 (2005)","DOI":"10.1053\/j.saep.2005.09.004"},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KA. Mathews,  \"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract.\"  38, \"Neuropathic pain in dogs and cats: if only they could tell us if they hurt.\" 1365 (2008)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2008.09.001"},{"key":"44","unstructured":"SK Minkota  and DC Plumb  \"Elephant Care International.\"  \"Elephant formulary.\" (2017)"},{"key":"48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C Patrono  and B Rocca  \"Front Pharmacol.\"  10, \"Measurement of thromboxane biosynthesis in health and disease.\" 1244 (2019)","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.01244"},{"key":"53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N Sirikaew, S Chomdej, S Tangyuenyong, et al.  \"BMC Vet Res.\"  15, \"Proinflammatory cytokines and lipopolysaccharides up regulate MMP-3 and MMP-13 production in Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) chondrocytes: attenuation by anti-arthritic agents.\" 419 (2019)","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-019-2170-8"},{"key":"54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CJ Smith, Y Zhang, CM Koboldt, et al.  \"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.\"  95, \"Pharmacological analysis of cyclooxygenase-1 in inflammation.\" 13313 (1998)","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.22.13313"},{"key":"56","unstructured":"\"NADA 141-253 EQUIOXX Oral Paste [Internet].\"  (2005)"},{"key":"59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JR Vane  and RM Botting  \"Am J Med.\"  104, \"Mechanism of action of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.\" 2S (1998)","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(97)00203-9"},{"key":"60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JR Vane  and RM Botting  \"Thromb Res.\"  110, \"The mechanism of action of aspirin.\" 255 (2003)","DOI":"10.1016\/S0049-3848(03)00379-7"},{"key":"61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Visser,  \"Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract.\"  21, \"Techniques for monitoring drug efficacy.\" 287 (2018)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvex.2018.01.003"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"U Bechert, JM Christensen, J Kottwitz, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  51, \"Pharmacokinetics of orally administered flunixin meglumine in African (Loxodonta africana) and Asian (Elephas maximus) elephants.\" 905 (2021)","DOI":"10.1638\/2020-0053"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"U Bechert, JM Christensen, C Nguyen, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  39, \"Pharmacokinetics of orally administered phenylbutazone in African and Asian elephants (Loxodonta africana and Elephas maximus).\" 188 (2008)","DOI":"10.1638\/2007-0139R.1"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MH Barton, E Paske, N Norton, et al.  \"Equine Vet J.\"  46, \"Efficacy of cyclo-oxygenase inhibition by two commercially available firocoxib products in horses.\" 72 (2014)","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12095"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"U Bechert  and JM Christensen  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  38, \"Pharmacokinetics of orally administered ibuprofen in African and Asian elephants (Loxodonta africana and Elephas maximus).\" 258 (2007)","DOI":"10.1638\/1042-7260(2007)038[0258:POOAII]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BN Burkett, JM Thomason, HM Hurdle, et al.  \"Vet Surg.\"  45, \"Effects of firocoxib, flunixin meglumine, and phenylbutazone on platelet function and thromboxane synthesis in healthy horses.\" 1087 (2016)","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.12567"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Cox, N Villarino, C Sommardahl, et al.  \"Vet J.\"  198, \"Disposition of firocoxib in equine plasma after an oral loading dose and a multiple dose regimen.\" 382 (2013)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.07.035"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M Duz, TD Parkin, RM Cullander, et al.  \"Am J Vet Res.\"  76, \"Effect of flunixin meglumine and firocoxib on ex vivo cyclooxygenase activity in horses undergoing elective surgery.\" 208 (2015)","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.76.3.208"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KL Edwards, MA Miller, K Carlstead, et al.  \"PLoS One.\"  14, \"Relationships between housing and management factors and clinical health events in elephants in North American zoos.\" e0217774 (2019)","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0217774"},{"key":"26","unstructured":"HD Gossett, JS Taintor, J Sofge, et al.  \"J Appl Res Vet Med.\"  14, \"Clinical application of firocoxib canine chews in equine practice.\" 143 (2016)"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L Hagey, CD Schteingart, HT Tonnu, et al.  \"Hepatology.\"  18, \"Unique bile alcohols (3, 6, 7, 25, 27-pentahydroxy cholestanes) and absence of bile-acids are a common feature of 3 ancient mammals.\" A177 (1993)","DOI":"10.1016\/0270-9139(93)92236-S"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KM Hittmair  and HD Vielgrader  \"Vet Radiol Ultrasound.\"  41, \"Radiographic diagnosis of lameness in African elephants (Loxodonta africana).\" 511 (2000)","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2000.tb01879.x"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AF Hofmann, LR Hagey, MD Krasowski,  \"J Lipid Res.\"  51, \"Bile salts of vertebrates: structural variation and possible evolutionary significance.\" 226 (2010)","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R000042"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B Holland, C Fogle, AT Blikslager, et al.  \"J Vet Pharmacol Ther.\"  38, \"Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of three formulations of firocoxib in healthy horses.\" 249 (2015)","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12177"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V Kvaternick, M Pollmeier, J Fischer, et al.  \"J Vet Pharmacol Ther.\"  30, \"Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of orally administered firocoxib, a novel second generation coxib, in horses.\" 208 (2007)","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2007.00840.x"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P Lees, MF Landoni, J Giraudel, et al.  \"J Vet Pharmacol Ther.\"  27, \"Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in species of veterinary interest.\" 479 (2004)","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2004.00617.x"},{"key":"45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B Nethathe, J Chipangura, IZ Hassan, et al.  \"PeerJ.\"  9, \"Diclofenac toxicity in susceptible bird species results from a combination of reduced glomerular filtration and plasma flow with subsequent renal tubular necrosis.\" e12002 (2021)","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.12002"},{"key":"46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JE Nieto, M Aleman, JD Anderson, et al.  \"Am J Vet Res.\"  73, \"Effects of phenylbutazone on gene expression of cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 in the oral, glandular gastric, and bladder mucosae of healthy horses.\" 98 (2012)","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.73.1.98"},{"key":"47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M Pairet  and J van Ryn  \"Drugs Today (Barc).\"  35, \"Measurement of differential inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2 and the pharmacology of selective inhibitors.\" 251 (1999)","DOI":"10.1358\/dot.1999.35.4-5.552201"},{"key":"50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J Rossat, M Maillard, J Nussberger, et al.  \"Clin Pharmacol Ther.\"  66, \"Renal effects of selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition in normotensive salt-depleted subjects.\" 76 (1999)","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9236(99)70056-1"},{"key":"62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KE Wilson, JL Davis, MV Crisman, et al.  \"J Vet Pharmacol Ther.\"  40, \"Pharmacokinetics of firocoxib after intravenous administration of multiple consecutive doses in neonatal foals.\" e23 (2017)","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12410"},{"key":"63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JG Wooten, AT Blikslager, KA Ryan, et al.  \"Am J Vet Res.\"  69, \"Cyclooxygenase expression and prostanoid production in pyloric and duodenal mucosae in dogs after administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.\" 457 (2008)","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.69.4.457"}],"container-title":["Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]],"date-time":"2024-03-05T11:01:03Z","timestamp":1709636463000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-zoo-and-wildlife-medicine\/volume-55\/issue-1\/2022-0118\/SINGLE-DOSE-MULTIPLE-DOSE-AND-THERAPEUTIC-DRUG-MONITORING-PHARMACOKINETICS-OF\/10.1638\/2022-0118.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1638\/2022-0118","relation":{},"ISSN":["1042-7260"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1042-7260","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]]}}}