{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:55:54Z","timestamp":1791248154954,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"American Association of Zoo Veterinarians","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Three adult black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra) were vasectomized for the purpose of population control. Two different surgical approaches (inguinal and pelvic) were used to vasectomize the animals under general anesthesia. One monkey was vasectomized with a pelvic approach, and the other two monkeys were vasectomized with an inguinal approach. The inguinal approach was minimally invasive and proved to be an effective field procedure, utilizing minimal surgical equipment with a mean operative time of 35 min. The inguinal approach allowed for better visualization of the spermatic cord, which prompted easier ligation and transection of the ductus deferens. Identification of the ductus deferens was successfully performed intraoperatively using a tuberculin syringe to aseptically aspirate cord contents, as histopathology was not available. All howler monkeys fully recovered without complication. The social hierarchy of the troop and mating behavior has not been affected. There have been no new pregnancies reported in the troop since the vasectomies were performed. The inguinal approach is preferred as it is minimally invasive and can be performed confidently in a field setting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1638\/2022-0145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]],"date-time":"2024-06-13T09:23:39Z","timestamp":1718270619000},"page":"531-535","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["FIELD TECHNIQUES FOR VASECTOMY IN BLACK HOWLER MONKEYS (ALOUATTA PIGRA)"],"prefix":"10.1638","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Samantha C.","family":"Rummel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew C.","family":"Cushing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher K.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo Jarr\u00edn","family":"Y\u00e9pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"Haines","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1213","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"NJ. Alexander,  \"Am J Primatol.\"  1, \"Primates: their use in research on vasectomy.\" 167 (1981)","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.1350010207"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"NJ. Alexander,  \"Reproduction.\"  31, \"Vasectomy: long-term effects in the rhesus monkey.\" 399 (1972)","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0310399"},{"key":"3","unstructured":"A Egbetade, E Gadsby, PD Jenkins,  \"World J Zool.\"  9, \"Vasectomy in drill monkeys (Mandrillus leucophaeus)\u2014a population management tool.\" 107 (2014)"},{"key":"4","unstructured":"DK Ekanayake-Alper, SR Wilson, JA Scholz,  \"Comp Med.\"  68, \"Retrospective review of surgical outcomes and pair-housing success in vasectomized rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta).\" 168 (2018)"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N Fagundes, ML Castro, RA Silva, et al.  \"J Med Primatol.\"  49, \"Comparison of midazolam and butorphanol combined with ketamine or dexmedetomidine for chemical restraint in howler monkeys (Alouatta guariba clamitans) for vasectomy.\" 179 (2020)","DOI":"10.1111\/jmp.12467"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MA Hadley  and M Dym  \"Anat Rec.\"  205, \"Spermatogenesis in the vasectomized monkey: quantitative analysis.\" 381 (1983)","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1092050403"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RM Harrison, GJ Domingue, PM Heidger, et al.  \"Urology.\"  9, \"Vasectomy in rhesus monkeys I. Surgical techniques and gross observations.\" 639 (1977)","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-4295(77)90310-7"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K Hoffman, S Howell, M Schwandt, et al.  \"Lab Animal.\"  31, \"Vasectomy as a birth control modality for captive chimpanzees.\" 45 (2002)","DOI":"10.1038\/laban1103-31"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RH. Horwich,  \"Int J Primatol.\"  19, \"Effective solutions for howler conservation.\" 579 (1998)","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020368624122"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V Kumar  and V Kumar  \"Vet Anim Sci.\"  1, \"Intra-abdominal laparoscopic vasectomy by electrocauterization in free range rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta).\" 42 (2013)","DOI":"10.11648\/j.avs.20130105.13"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V Kumar  and A Raj  \"Open Vet J.\"  2, \"No-scalpel vasectomy by electrocauterization in free range rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta).\" 6 (2012)","DOI":"10.5455\/OVJ.2012.v2.i0.p6"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A Navarro-Serra  and H Sanz-Caba\u00f1es  \"Primates.\"  61, \"Open\/close-ended vasectomy technique by single incision on vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus).\" 465 (2020)","DOI":"10.1007\/s10329-020-00795-5"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CH. Phoenix,  \"Sci Adv.\"  179, \"Sexual behavior in rhesus monkeys after vasectomy.\" 493 (1973)","DOI":"10.1126\/science.179.4072.493"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V Sangwan  and N Pathak  \"Zoos Print J.\"  22, \"Vasectomy in a rhesus monkey Macaca mulatta.\" 2598 (2007)","DOI":"10.11609\/JoTT.ZPJ.1637.2598"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E Yarto-Jaramillo, I \u00c7itaku, CE Rodr\u00edguez, et al.  \"Front Vet Sci.\"  9, \"Integrated approaches to howler monkey (Alouatta spp.) medicine in professional care and conservation.\" 897404 (2022)","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.897404"}],"container-title":["Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:34:48Z","timestamp":1791246888000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-zoo-and-wildlife-medicine\/volume-55\/issue-2\/2022-0145\/FIELD-TECHNIQUES-FOR-VASECTOMY-IN-BLACK-HOWLER-MONKEYS-ALOUATTA-PIGRA\/10.1638\/2022-0145.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1638\/2022-0145","relation":{},"ISSN":["1042-7260","1937-2825"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1042-7260","type":"print"},{"value":"1937-2825","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]]}}}