{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:56:37Z","timestamp":1791248197216,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"American Association of Zoo Veterinarians","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Four of seven Patagonian maras (Dolichotis patagonum) at a zoological institution developed acute neurologic signs that progressed to tetraparesis and death. All affected were young adult females (10 mon\u20135 yr old) that presented over 11 d. Clinical signs were rapidly progressive and unresponsive to supportive therapies. Two of the four individuals were found deceased 4 d after hospitalization. Two individuals were euthanized due to poor prognosis and decline after 6 and 8 d, respectively. Simultaneously, an additional mara developed mild and self-resolving clinical signs, including a kyphotic gait and paraparesis. On gross examination, there were widespread petechiae and ecchymoses of the skeletal muscle, myocardium, skin, pericardium, urinary bladder mucosa, and spinal cord. On histopathology, all animals had necrotizing myelitis and rhombencephalitis, with intranuclear viral inclusions in three individuals. Electron microscopy confirmed herpesviral replication and assembly complexes in neurons and oligodendrocytes. Consensus PCR performed on spinal cord, brainstem, or cerebellum revealed a novel Simplexvirus most closely related to Simplexvirus leporidalpha 4. The virus was amplified and sequenced and is referred to as Simplexvirus dolichotinealpha1. It is unknown whether this virus is endemic in Patagonian mara or whether it represents an aberrant host species. Clinicians should be aware of this virus and its potential to cause severe, rapidly progressive, life-threatening disease in this species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1638\/2022-0154","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]],"date-time":"2024-06-13T09:46:51Z","timestamp":1718272011000},"page":"490-501","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["NOVEL SIMPLEXVIRUS (SIMPLEXVIRUS DOLICHOTINEALPHA1) ASSOCIATED WITH FATALITY IN FOUR PATAGONIAN MARA (DOLICHOTIS PATAGONUM)"],"prefix":"10.1638","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Megan E.","family":"Freeman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Goe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvia H.","family":"Ferguson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jung Keun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason D.","family":"Struthers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Buczek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annalise","family":"Black","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"April L.","family":"Childress","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anibal G.","family":"Armi\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary","family":"West","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James F.X.","family":"Wellehan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1213","reference":[{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K Katoh  and H Toh  \"Brief Bioinform.\"  9, \"Recent developments in the MAFFT multiple sequence alignment program.\" 286 (2008)","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbn013"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ME Pinkerton, JFX Wellehan, AJ Johnson, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  44, \"Columbid herpesvirus-1 in two Cooper's hawks (Accipiter cooperii) with fatal inclusion body disease.\" 622 (2008)","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-44.3.622"},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"DR VanDevanter, P Warrener, L Bennett, et al.  \"J Clin Microbiol.\"  34, \"Detection and analysis of diverse herpesviral species by consensus primer PCR.\" 1666 (1996)","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.7.1666-1671.1996"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"F Ronquist, M Teslenko, P van der Mark, et al.  \"Syst Biol.\"  61, \"MrBayes 3.2: efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space.\" 539 (2012)","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/sys029"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A Stamatakis, P Hoover, J Rougemont,  \"Syst Biol.\"  57, \"A rapid bootstrap algorithm for the RAxML web servers.\" 758 (2008)","DOI":"10.1080\/10635150802429642"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"J. Felsenstein,  \"Evolution.\"  39, \"Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap.\" 783 (1985)","DOI":"10.2307\/2408678"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MA Miller, T Schwartz, BE Pickett, et al.  \"Evol Bioinform Online.\"  11, \"A RESTful API for access to phylogenetic tools via the CIPRES science gateway.\" 43 (2015)","DOI":"10.4137\/EBO.S21501"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M Banks, LS Torraca, AG Greenwood, et al.  \"Vet Rec.\"  145, \"Aujeszky's disease in captive bears.\" 362 (1999)","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.145.13.362"},{"key":"48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P Wohlsein, A Lehmbecker, I Spitzbarth, et al.  \"Vet Microbiol.\"  149, \"Fatal epizootic equine herpesvirus 1 infections in new and unnatural hosts.\" 456 (2011)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2010.11.024"},{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Ackermann,  \"Vet Microbiol.\"  113, \"Pathogenesis of gammaherpesvirus infections.\" 211 (2006)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.11.008"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"SF Altschul, TL Madden, AA Sch\u00e4ffer, et al.  \"Nucleic Acids Res.\"  25, \"Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs.\" 3389 (1997)","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/25.17.3389"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AG Armi\u00e9n, TM Wolf, SK Mor, et al.  \"Vet Pathol.\"  57, \"Molecular and biological characterization of a cervidpoxvirus isolated from moose with necrotizing dermatitis.\" 296 (2020)","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985819891240"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B Babra, G Watson, W Xu, et al.  \"Virology.\"  433, \"Analysis of the genome of leporid herpesvirus 4.\" 183 (2012)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2012.08.002"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DI. Bernstein,  \"Antiviral Res.\"  180, \"Use of the Guinea pig model of genital herpes to evaluate vaccines and antivirals: review.\" 104821 (2020)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2020.104821"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F Bia, K Hastings, G Hsiung,  \"J Infect Dis.\"  140, \"Cytomegalovirus infection in guinea pigs. III. Persistent viruria, blood transmission, and viral interference.\" 914 (1979)","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/140.6.914"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K Boonprasert, Y Yun, W Kosaruk, et al.  \"Animals (Basel).\"  11, \"A longitudinal study of hematology and stress biomarker profiles in young Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in relation to elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV) in Thailand.\" 2530 (2021)","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11092530"},{"key":"9","unstructured":"ML Brash, \u00c9 Nagy, Y Pei, et al.  \"Can Vet J.\"  51, \"Acute hemorrhagic and necrotizing pneumonia, splenitis, and dermatitis in a pet rabbit caused by a novel herpesvirus (leporid herpesvirus-4).\" 1383 (2010)"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F Bravo, N Bourne, C Harrison, et al.  \"J Infect Dis.\"  173, \"Effect of antibody alone and combined with acyclovir on neonatal herpes simplex virus infection in guinea pigs.\" 1 (1996)","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/173.1.1"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A Buske-Kirschbaum, A Geiben, C Wermke, et al.  \"Psychother Psychosom.\"  70, \"Preliminary evidence for Herpes labialis recurrence following experimentally induced disgust.\" 86 (2001)","DOI":"10.1159\/000056231"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C Campos, M Tognelli, R Ojeda,  \"Mamm Species.\"  652, \"Dolichotis patagonum.\" 1 (2001)","DOI":"10.1644\/1545-1410(2001)652<0001:DP>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Z Fagrouch, R Sarwari, A Lavergne, et al.  \"J Gen Virol.\"  93, \"Novel polyomaviruses in South American bats and their relationship to other members of the family Polyomaviridae.\" 2652 (2012)","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.044149-0"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"MD Gleeson, BA Moore, SG Edwards, et al.  \"Vet Ophthalmol.\"  22, \"A novel herpesvirus associated with chronic superficial keratitis and proliferative conjunctivitis in a great horned owl (Bubo virginianus).\" 67 (2019)","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12570"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E Gonzalez-Obeso, I Docio, E Olea, et al.  \"Front Physiol.\"  8, \"Guinea pig oxygen-sensing and carotid body functional properties.\" 285 (2017)","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00285"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J Graham, G Doss, H Beaufrere,  \"Exotic animal emergency and critical care medicine.\"  2021","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119149262"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P Grest, P Albicker, L Hoelzle, et al.  \"J Comp Pathol.\"  126, \"Herpes simplex encephalitis in a domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus).\" 308 (2002)","DOI":"10.1053\/jcpa.2002.0548"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"B. Grinde,  \"J Oral Microbiol.\"  5, \"Herpesviruses: latency and reactivation viral strategies and host response.\" (2013)","DOI":"10.3402\/jom.v5i0.22766"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"E Hardgrove, DM Zimmerman, ME von Fricken, et al.  \"Prev Vet Med.\"  193, \"A scoping review of rodent-borne pathogen presence, exposure, and transmission at zoological institutions.\" 105345 (2021)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2021.105345"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L Jin, CV Lohr, AL Vanarsdall, et al.  \"Virology.\"  378, \"Characterization of a novel alphaherpesvirus associated with fatal infections of domestic rabbits.\" 13 (2008)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2008.05.003"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DS Kessler, K Hope, M Maslanka,  \"Vet Clin N Am Exot Anim Pract.\"  12, \"Behavior, nutrition, and veterinary care of Patagonian cavies (Dolichotis patagonum).\" 267 (2009)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvex.2009.01.009"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MJL Kik, PL Liu, JAM van Asten,  \"Vet Q.\"  28, \"Cowpoxvirus infection in the Patagonian cavy (Dolichotis patagonum) emerging disease in an educational animal park the first reported case.\" 42 (2006)","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2006.9695206"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KM Lam  and GD Hsiung  \"Am J Epidemiol.\"  93, \"Herpesvirus infection of guinea pigs. II. Transplacental transmission.\" 308 (1971)","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a121262"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"JA Landolfi, JFX Wellehan, AJ Johnson, et al.  \"J Vet Diagn Invest.\"  17, \"Fatal human herpesvirus type 1 infection in a white-handed gibbon (Hylobates lar).\" 369 (2005)","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870501700412"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"ZE Mack, CJ Bonar, MM Garner, et al.  \"J Vet Diagn Invest.\"  32, \"A novel herpesvirus in a white stork associated with splenic and hepatic necrosis.\" 471 (2020)","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638720915539"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M Moraru, E Cisneros, N G\u00f3mez-Lozano, et al.  \"J Immunol.\"  188, \"Host genetic factors in susceptibility to herpes simplex type 1 virus infection: contribution of polymorphic genes at the interface of innate and adaptive immunity.\" 4412 (2012)","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1103434"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Parks, D Avramopoulos, J Mulle, et al.  \"Brain Behav Immun.\"  70, \"HLA typing using genome wide data reveals susceptibility types for infections in a psychiatric disease enriched sample.\" 203 (2018)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2018.03.001"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G Perkins, DM Ainsworth, HN Erb, et al.  \"Equine Vet J.\"  31, \"Clinical, haematological and biochemical findings in foals with neonatal Equine herpesvirus-1 infection compared with septic and premature foals.\" 422 (1999)","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1999.tb03843.x"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"N. Roach,  \"The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.\"  \"Dolichotis patagonum.\" e.T6785A22190337 (2016)","DOI":"10.2305\/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T6785A22190337.en"},{"key":"35","unstructured":"A. Salwa,  \"Pol J Vet Sci.\"  7, \"A natural outbreak of Aujeszky's disease in farm animals.\" 261 (2004)"},{"key":"36","unstructured":"ER Sarhat, AH Alanee, AR Sarhat, et al.  \"Tikrit Med J.\"  13, \"Evaluation of creatine kinase activity in cerebrospinal fluid of normal individuals and patients with meningitis.\" 102 (2007)"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MR Schleiss  and MA McVoy  \"Fut Virol.\"  5, \"Guinea pig cytomegalovirus (GPCMV): a model for the study of the prevention and treatment of maternal-fetal transmission.\" 207 (2010)","DOI":"10.2217\/fvl.10.8"},{"key":"38","unstructured":"\"Expected test results for Dholichotis patagonum.\"  (2017)"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E Strachan, M Saracino, S Selke, et al.  \"Brain Behav Immun.\"  25, \"The effects of daily distress and personality on genital HSV shedding and lesions in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of acyclovir in HSV-2 seropositive women.\" 1475 (2011)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2011.06.003"},{"key":"41","unstructured":"JR Sunohara-Neilson, M Brash, S Carman, et al.  \"Comp Med.\"  63, \"Experimental infection of New Zealand White Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculi) with Leporid herpesvirus 4.\" 422 (2013)"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EE Thomas, AS Lau, SU Kim, et al.  \"J Gen Virol.\"  72, \"Variation in resistance to herpes simplex virus type 1 of oligodendrocytes derived from inbred strains of mice.\" 2051 (1991)","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-72-9-2051"},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R Van der Lee, L Wiel, TJP van Dam, et al.  \"Nucleic Acids Res.\"  45, \"Genome-scale detection of positive selection in nine primates predicts human-virus evolutionary conflicts.\" 10634 (2017)","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkx704"},{"key":"45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JFX Wellehan, A Johnson, B Harrach, et al.  \"J Virol.\"  78, \"Detection and analysis of six lizard adenoviruses by consensus primer PCR provides further evidence of a reptilian origin for the atadenoviruses.\" 13366 (2004)","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.23.13366-13369.2004"},{"key":"46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Whelan  and N Goldman  \"Mol Biol Evol.\"  18, \"A general empirical model of protein evolution derived from multiple protein families using a maximum-likelihood approach.\" 691 (2001)","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003851"},{"key":"47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"TM Wilson, JM Ritter, RB Martines, et al.  \"Emerg Infect Dis.\"  28, \"Fatal human alphaherpesvirus 1 infection in free-ranging black-tufted marmosets in anthropized environments, Brazil, 2012\u20132019.\" 802 (2022)","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2804.212334"},{"key":"49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"P Wohlsein, A Thiele, M Fehr, et al.  \"Acta Neuropathol.\"  104, \"Spontaneous human herpes virus type 1 infection in a chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera f. dom.).\" 674 (2002)","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-002-0597-6"}],"container-title":["Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:34:56Z","timestamp":1791246896000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-zoo-and-wildlife-medicine\/volume-55\/issue-2\/2022-0154\/NOVEL-SIMPLEXVIRUS-SIMPLEXVIRUS-DOLICHOTINEALPHA1-ASSOCIATED-WITH-FATALITY-IN-FOUR-PATAGONIAN\/10.1638\/2022-0154.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1638\/2022-0154","relation":{},"ISSN":["1042-7260","1937-2825"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1042-7260","type":"print"},{"value":"1937-2825","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]]}}}