{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:56:12Z","timestamp":1791248172705,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"American Association of Zoo Veterinarians","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Chytridiomycosis caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) has been documented in greater sirens (Siren lacertina) in the wild and in the pet trade. This study evaluated the use of terbinafine-impregnated implants for chytridiomycosis prophylaxis in greater sirens exposed to Bd. Implants were placed intracoelomically in both control (blank implant, n = 4) and treatment (24.5 mg of terbinafine implant, n = 4) groups. Sirens were exposed to Bd zoospores via 24-h immersion bath at 1 and 2 mon postimplant placement. Blood was collected monthly for plasma terbinafine levels, and skin swabs were collected weekly for Bd quantitative PCR. Animals with terbinafine implants had detectable concentrations of plasma terbinafine ranging from 17 to 102 ng\/ml. Only one terbinafine-implanted animal had a peak concentration above the published minimum inhibitory concentration for terbinafine against Bd zoospores (63 ng\/ml); however, it is unknown how plasma terbinafine concentrations relate to concentrations in the skin. There was no difference between the two treatment groups in clinical signs or Bd clearance rate, and no adverse effects from implants were observed. These findings indicate using intracoelomic drug implants for drug delivery in amphibians is safe; however, terbinafine efficacy in preventing Bd chytridiomycosis in sirens remains unclear. Further investigation of the use of intracoelomic implants and identification of effective drugs and doses in other amphibian species against Bd and other infectious diseases is warranted, as this may provide a practical method for long-term drug delivery in wildlife.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1638\/2023-0010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]],"date-time":"2024-06-13T09:47:55Z","timestamp":1718272075000},"page":"453-461","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["PILOT STUDY OF INTRACOELOMIC TERBINAFINE IMPLANTS IN GREATER SIRENS (SIREN LACERTINA)"],"prefix":"10.1638","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Anastasia E.","family":"Towe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca H.","family":"Hardman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sherry","family":"Cox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wesley C.","family":"Sheley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph A.","family":"DeMarchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. Davis","family":"Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debra L.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1213","reference":[{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LP Kane, MC Allender, G Archer, et al.  \"J Vet Pharmacol Ther.\"  40, \"Pharmacokinetics of nebulized and subcutaneously implanted terbinafine in cottonmouths (Agkistrodon piscivorus).\" 575 (2017)","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12406"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"TA McMahon, BF Sears, MD Venesky, et al.  \"Nature.\"  511, \"Amphibians acquire resistance to live and dead fungus overcoming fungal immunosuppression.\" 224 (2014)","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13491"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DG Boyle, DB Boyle, V Olsen, et al.  \"Dis Aquat Organ.\"  60, \"Rapid quantitative detection of chytridiomycosis (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) in amphibian samples using real-time Taqman PCR assay.\" 141 (2004)","DOI":"10.3354\/dao060141"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J Voyles, S Young, L Berger, et al.  \"Science.\"  326, \"Pathogenesis of chytridiomycosis, a cause of catastrophic amphibian declines.\" 582 (2009)","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1176765"},{"key":"20","unstructured":"BC Scheele, F Pasmans, LF Skerratt, et al.  \"Science.\"  363, \"Amphibian fungal panzootic causes catastrophic and ongoing loss of biodiversity.\" 1459 (2019)"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Cox, J Hayes, M Hamill, et al.  \"J Liq Chromatogr Relat Technol.\"  38, \"Determining terbinafine in plasma and saline using HPLC.\" 607 (2015)","DOI":"10.1080\/10826076.2014.922479"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JG Newland  and SM Abdel-Rahman  \"Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol.\"  2, \"Update on terbinafine with a focus on dermatophytoses.\" 49 (2009)","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S3690"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AA Roberts, L Berger, SG Robertson, et al.  \"Med Mycol.\"  57, \"The efficacy and pharmacokinetics of terbinafine against the frog-killing fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis).\" 204 (2019)","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myy010"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MWH Chatfield, P Moler, CL Richards-Zawacki,  \"PLoS One.\"  7, \"The amphibian chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, in fully aquatic salamanders from southeastern North America.\" e44821 (2012)","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0044821"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F Clare, O Daniel, T Garner, et al.  \"Ecohealth.\"  13, \"Assessing the ability of swab data to determine the true burden of infection for the amphibian pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis.\" 360 (2016)","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-016-1114-z"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J Bowerman, C Rombough, SR Weinstock, et al.  \"J Herpetol Med Surg.\"  20, \"Terbinafine hydrochloride in ethanol effectively clears Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in amphibians.\" 24 (2010)","DOI":"10.5818\/1529-9651-20.1.24"},{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L Berger, R Speare, LF Skerratt,  \"Dis Aquat Organ.\"  68, \"Distribution of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and pathology in the skin of green tree frogs Litoria caerulea with severe chytridiomycosis.\" 65 (2005)","DOI":"10.3354\/dao068065"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MJ Gray, ED Carter, J Piovia-Scott, et al.  \"Nat Commun.\"  14, \"Broad host susceptibility of North American amphibian species to Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans suggests high invasion potential and biodiversity risk.\" 3270 (2023)","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-38979-4"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LF Grogan, JE Humphries, J Robert, et al.  \"J Fungi (Basel).\"  6, \"Immunological aspects of chytridiomycosis.\" 234 (2020)","DOI":"10.3390\/jof6040234"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LF Grogan, MJ Mangan, HI. 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