{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T05:30:25Z","timestamp":1793424625710,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"American Association of Zoo Veterinarians","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Renal disease is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in managed black-footed ferrets (BFF; Mustela nigripes).4,6,12 The objectives of this study were to establish reference intervals for blood analytes of clinically normal BFF (1\u20132 yr old), summarize the frequency of various renal histopathologic findings in a managed population of BFF, assess the diagnostic performance of blood analytes and urine specific gravity (USG) for the diagnosis of renal disease, and assess if comorbidities or age affects the performance of these analytes in diagnosing renal disease. Reference intervals were established using a cohort (n = 35) of clinically normal, young adult BFF. Postmortem records for all BFF at the Phoenix Zoo between 2001 and 2020 were reviewed, and those with available blood analyte data within 2 wk of death were included (n = 89). Ferrets were placed into one of three groups, based on the organ location of histopathologic abnormalities following necropsy: renal disease as the primary change; those with renal disease and at least one other affected major organ system; or absence of abnormalities in the kidneys. In ferrets with substantial renal changes, the primary diagnosis was amyloidosis (29 of 39; 74.4%). Creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), Ca:P ratio, USG, globulins, and cholesterol were the best-performing analytes for the diagnosis of renal disease, with an area under the curve of at least 0.90 (95% CI $ 0.80, 1.00). Serum renal markers were within reference intervals in BFF that died without histologic evidence of renal disease. Several blood analytes were significantly affected by age in animals that died of renal disease. This study provides reference intervals for blood analytes in young adult clinically normal BFF and illustrates the clinical utility for the diagnosis of renal disease in this species, particularly creatinine, USG, and P.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1638\/2023-0038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]],"date-time":"2024-03-05T06:04:26Z","timestamp":1709618666000},"page":"48-56","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["DIAGNOSTIC PERFORMANCE OF BLOOD ANALYTES FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF RENAL DISEASE IN BLACK-FOOTED FERRETS (MUSTELA NIGRIPES) AT THE PHOENIX ZOO (2001\u20132020)"],"prefix":"10.1638","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Alyssa G.","family":"Palmer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole I.","family":"Stacy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge A.","family":"Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Goe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1213","reference":[{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E Bronson, M Bush, T Viner, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  38, \"Mortality of captive black-footed ferrets (Mustela nigripes) at Smithsonian's National Zoological Park, 1989\u20132004.\" 169 (2007)","DOI":"10.1638\/1042-7260(2007)038[0169:MOCBFM]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J Hein, F Spreyer, C Sauter-Louis, et al.  \"Vet Rec.\"  171, \"Reference ranges for laboratory parameters in ferrets.\" 218 (2012)","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.100628"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KR Friedrichs, KE Harr, KP Freeman, et al.  \"Vet Clin Pathol.\"  41, \"American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology reference interval guidelines: determination of de novo reference intervals in veterinary species and other related topics.\" 441 (2012)","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.12006"},{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JE Arnold, MS Camus, KP Freeman, et al.  \"Vet Clin Pathol.\"  48, \"American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology Guidelines: principles of quality assurance and standards for veterinary clinical pathology (version 3.0).\" 542 (2019)","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.12810"},{"key":"2","unstructured":"J Belant, D Biggins, D Garelle, et al.  \"The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.\"  2015, \"Mustela nigripes.\" (2015)"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M Brans, S Daminet, F Mortier, et al.  \"J Vet Intern Med.\"  35, \"Plasma symmetric dimethylarginine and creatinine concentrations and glomerular filtration rate in cats with normal and decreased renal function.\" 303 (2020)","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15975"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MM Garner, JT Raymond, TD O'Brian, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  38, \"Amyloidosis in the black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes).\" 32 (2007)","DOI":"10.1638\/06-023.1"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R Gurung  and T Li  \"Am J Med.\"  135, \"Renal amyloidosis: presentation, diagnosis, and management.\" 38 (2022)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2022.01.003"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JA Hokamp  and MB Nabity  \"J Vet Clin Pathol.\"  45, \"Renal biomarkers in domestic species.\" 28 (2016)","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.12333"},{"key":"10","unstructured":"\"Reference intervals provided for the domestic ferret (Mustela putorius furo).\"  (2019)"},{"key":"11","unstructured":"\"Black-footed ferret population management planning workshop final report.\"  5 (2004)"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Lair, K Barker, K Mehren, et al.  \"Vet Pathol.\"  43, \"Renal tubular\u2014cell neoplasms in black-footed ferrets (Mustela nigripes)\u201438 cases.\" 276 (2006)","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.43-3-276"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. Langston,  \"Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract.\"  38, \"Managing fluid and electrolyte disorders in renal failure.\" 677 (2008)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2008.01.007"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GE Lees, SA Brown, J Elliott, et al.  \"J Vet Intern Med.\"  19, \"Assessment and management of proteinuria in dogs and cats: 2004 ACVIM forum Consensus Statement (small animal).\" 377 (2005)","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02713.x"},{"key":"15","unstructured":"A. Simundic,  \"EJIFCC.\"  19, \"Measures of diagnostic accuracy: basic definitions.\" 203 (2009)"},{"key":"16","unstructured":"\"Expected test results for black footed ferret (Mustela nigripes).\""},{"key":"17","unstructured":"\"Black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes) 5-year status review: summary and evaluation.\"  (2008)"},{"key":"18","unstructured":"\"Black-footed ferret recovery program. 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Vaziri,  \"Kidney Int.\"  90, \"Disorders of lipid metabolism in nephrotic syndrome: mechanisms and consequences.\" 41 (2018)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2016.02.026"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SM Wisely, SW Buskirk, MA Fleming, et al.  \"J Hered.\"  93, \"Genetic diversity and fitness in black-footed ferrets before and during a bottleneck.\" 231 (2002)","DOI":"10.1093\/jhered\/93.4.231"}],"container-title":["Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T04:34:47Z","timestamp":1793421287000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-zoo-and-wildlife-medicine\/volume-55\/issue-1\/2023-0038\/DIAGNOSTIC-PERFORMANCE-OF-BLOOD-ANALYTES-FOR-THE-DIAGNOSIS-OF-RENAL\/10.1638\/2023-0038.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1638\/2023-0038","relation":{},"ISSN":["1042-7260","1937-2825"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1042-7260","type":"print"},{"value":"1937-2825","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]]}}}