{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:56:37Z","timestamp":1791248197120,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Association of Zoo Veterinarians","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Rodents are typically viewed as asymptomatic reservoirs for leptospirosis infection, as clinical disease in rodents is rarely described. This report includes three separate cases of leptospirosis in Patagonian maras (Dolichotis patagonum) over a 3-yr period in multiple locations within a single zoo. All three cases presented with varying clinical signs including lethargy, conjunctival hyperemia, hyperbilirubinemia, and presumed renal azotemia. Infection with Leptospira spp. was diagnosed antemortem by PCR on whole blood (n = 1, Case 1) or urine (n = 2, Cases 2 and 3). Leptospira antibody titers measured by serum microagglutination testing (n = 3) were elevated or increased in all three animals over a 1\u20133-wk period for Leptospira serovars Bratislava and Hardjo (Case 1) and Grippotyphosa (Case 2 and 3). Two of the three animals responded to treatment with penicillin and doxycycline and supportive care, whereas one animal did not respond to treatment. Postmortem findings in this individual included conjunctivitis, chemosis, dehydration, icterus, tricavitary serosanguinous effusions, necrotizing hepatitis, diffuse pulmonary congestion, and edema. Immunohistochemical examination identified scattered Leptospira organisms within hepatocytes and renal tubular epithelial cells. A wild raccoon (Procyon lotor) at the institution tested positive by PCR on kidney tissue for the same Leptospira spp. serovar and was the suspected source of infection. This case series highlights the clinical importance of leptospirosis as a differential for Patagonian maras presenting with lethargy, ocular signs, acute hepatic disease, and azotemia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1638\/2023-0042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]],"date-time":"2024-06-13T09:51:02Z","timestamp":1718272262000},"page":"502-510","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["THREE CASES OF CLINICAL LEPTOSPIROSIS IN PATAGONIAN MARAS (DOLICHOTIS PATAGONUM)"],"prefix":"10.1638","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Taylr","family":"Wells","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matti","family":"Kiupel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rinosh","family":"Mani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sally A.","family":"Nofs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly A.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronan","family":"Eustace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1213","reference":[{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R Gautam, LF Guptill, CC Wu, et al.  \"Prev Vet Med.\"  96, \"Spatial and spatio-temporal clustering of overall and serovar-specific Leptospira microscopic agglutination test (MAT) seropositivity among dogs in the United States from 2000 through 2007.\" 122 (2010)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2010.05.017"},{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B Adler  and A de la Pe\u00f1a Moctezuma  \"Vet Microbiol.\"  140, \"Leptospira and leptospirosis.\" 287 (2010)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.03.012"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EJ Baitchman, PP Calle, SB James, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  37, \"Leptospirosis in Wied's marmosets (Callithrix kuhlii).\" 182 (2006)","DOI":"10.1638\/05-062.1"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C Barbosa, G Martins, W Lilenbaum,  \"Microb Pathog.\"  126, \"Atypical virulence of Leptospira kirschneri serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae isolated from capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) in hamster model.\" 134 (2019)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.10.032"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A Carrascosa, L Gutierrez, A De la Pe\u00f1a, et al.  \"Antimicrob Agents Chemother.\"  61, \"Efficacy of a new recrystallized enrofloxacin hydrochloride-dihydrate against leptospirosis in a hamster model.\" e01285 (2017)","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01285-17"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H Cernochova, A Hundakova, E Bardi, et al.  \"Vet Med (Praha).\"  65, \"Biochemical profile of urine in guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus).\" 445 (2020)","DOI":"10.17221\/32\/2020-VETMED"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"NF de Albuquerque, G Martins, L Medeiros, et al.  \"Acta Trop.\"  169, \"The role of capybaras as carriers of leptospires in periurban and rural areas in the western Amazon.\" 57 (2017)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2017.01.018"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MA Delaney, KM Colegrove, TR Spraker, et al.  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  50, \"Isolation of Leptospira from a phocid: acute renal failure and mortality from leptospirosis in rehabilitated northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris), California, USA.\" 621 (2014)","DOI":"10.7589\/2013-08-195"},{"key":"8","unstructured":"DB DeNicola, RL Cowell, M. Frye,  \"IDEXX urine sediment guide.\"  (2014)"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AS Ferreira, P Costa, T Rocha, et al.  \"PLoS One.\"  9, \"Direct detection and differentiation of pathogenic Leptospira species using a multi-gene targeted real time PCR approach.\" e112312 (2014)","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0112312"},{"key":"11","unstructured":"CE Greene, JE Sykes, GE Moore, et al.  \"Infectious diseases of the dog and cat.\"  \"Leptospirosis.\" 431 (2012)"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C Jardine, LR Lindsay, VM Nicholson, et al.  \"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis.\"  11, \"Longitudinal study on the seroprevalence of avian influenza, leptospirosis, and tularemia in an urban population of raccoons (Procyon lotor) in Ontario, Canada.\" 37 (2011)","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2009.0209"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DS Kessler, K Hope, M. Maslanka,  \"Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract.\"  12, \"Behavior, nutrition, and veterinary care of Patagonian cavies (Dolichotis patagonum).\" 267 (2009)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvex.2009.01.009"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K Lourdault, F Aviat, M Picardeau,  \"J Med Microbiol.\"  58, \"Use of quantitative real-time PCR for studying the dissemination of Leptospira interrogans in the guinea pig infection model of leptospirosis.\" 648 (2009)","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.008169-0"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MFV Marvulo, JCR Silva, PM Ferreira, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  40, \"Experimental leptospirosis in capybaras (Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris) infected with Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona.\" 726 (2009)","DOI":"10.1638\/2007-0042.1"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J Mayer  and C Mans  \"Exotic animal formulary.\"  \"Rodents.\" 459 (2018)","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-44450-7.00009-6"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DL Neiffer, EC Klein, C Wallace-Switalski,  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  32, \"Leptospira infection in two black rhinoceroses (Diceros bicornis michaeli).\" 476 (2001)","DOI":"10.1638\/1042-7260(2001)032[0476:LIITBR]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y Nikaido, M Ogawa, K Fukuda, et al.  \"Infect Immun.\"  87, \"Transbronchial invasion and proliferation of Leptospira interrogans in lung without inflammatory cell infiltration in a hamster model.\" 1 (2019)","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00727-19"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L \u00d8stevik, KR Tysnes, S Klevar, et al.  \"J Vet Diagn Invest.\"  31, \"Toxoplasma gondii infection in two captive Patagonian maras.\" 875 (2019)","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638719883191"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DR Rissi  and CA Brown  \"J Vet Diagn Invest.\"  26, \"Diagnostic features in 10 naturally occurring cases of acute fatal canine leptospirosis.\" 799 (2014)","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638714553293"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V Saraullo, S Grune Loffler, M Florin-Christensen, et al.  \"Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis.\"  78, \"Use of the Leptospira sp. ligB C-terminus coding region as a diagnostic tool of animal leptospirosis.\" 101689 (2021)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2021.101689"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J Sonet, A Barth\u00e9lemy, I Goy-Thollot, et al.  \"Vet Radiol Ultrasound.\"  59, \"Prospective evaluation of abdominal ultrasonographic findings in 35 dogs with leptospirosis.\" 98 (2018)","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12571"},{"key":"24","unstructured":"\"Zoological Information Management System: Expected test results. Patagonian mara (Dolichotis patagonum).\""},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JE Sykes, K Hartmann, KF Lunn, et al.  \"J Vet Intern Med.\"  25, \"ACVIM small animal consensus statement on leptospirosis: diagnosis, epidemiology, treatment, and prevention.\" 1 (2010)","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2010.0654.x"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A Verma, L Brandt, S Runser, et al.  \"Zoonoses Public Health.\"  69, \"Detection of pathogenic Leptospira spp. in herpetofauna in Central Appalachia.\" 325 (2022)","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12921"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J Wang, W Zhang, Z Jin, et al.  \"PLoS Negl Trop Dis.\"  16, \"A lethal model of Leptospira infection in hamster nasal mucosa.\" 1 (2022)","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010191"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MP Ward, LF Guptill, A Prahl, et al.  \"J Am Vet Med Assoc.\"  224, \"Serovar-specific prevalence and risk factors for leptospirosis among dogs: 90 cases (1997\u20132002).\" 1958 (2004)","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2004.224.1958"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JK Webb, KA Keller, SJ Sander, et al.  \"J Am Vet Med Assoc.\"  260, \"Clinical disease and treatment of Leptospira kirschneri sv Grippotyphosa in a Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae).\" 1 (2022)","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.21.04.0185"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Y Zhang, XL Lou, HL Yang, et al.  \"BMC Infect Dis.\"  \"Establishment of a leptospirosis model in guinea pigs using an epicutaneous inoculations route.\" (2012)","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-12-20"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RE Junge, K Bauman, M King, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  38, \"A serologic assessment of exposure to viral pathogens and Leptospira in an urban raccoon (Procyon lotor) population inhabiting a large zoological park.\" 18 (2007)","DOI":"10.1638\/05-123.1"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CG Tan, G Dharmarajan, J Beasley, et al.  \"Vet Q.\"  34, \"Neglected leptospirosis in raccoons (Procyon lotor) in Indiana, USA.\" 1 (2014)","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2014.909960"}],"container-title":["Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:35:07Z","timestamp":1791246907000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-zoo-and-wildlife-medicine\/volume-55\/issue-2\/2023-0042\/THREE-CASES-OF-CLINICAL-LEPTOSPIROSIS-IN-PATAGONIAN-MARAS-DOLICHOTIS-PATAGONUM\/10.1638\/2023-0042.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1638\/2023-0042","relation":{},"ISSN":["1042-7260","1937-2825"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1042-7260","type":"print"},{"value":"1937-2825","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]]}}}