{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T05:30:28Z","timestamp":1793424628030,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"American Association of Zoo Veterinarians","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Improved methods are needed to prevent wildlife deaths from anthrax. Caused by Bacillus anthracis, naturally occurring outbreaks of anthrax are frequent but unpredictable. The commercially available veterinary vaccine is labeled for subcutaneous injection and is impractical for large-scale wildlife vaccination programs; therefore, oral vaccination is the most realistic method to control and prevent these outbreaks. We reported the induction of an anthrax-specific lethal toxin (LeTx) neutralizing antibody response in mice following oral vaccination with alginate microcapsules containing B. anthracis Sterne strain 34F2 spores, coated with poly-L-lysine (PLL) and vitelline protein B (VpB). We continued evaluating our novel vaccine formulation through this proof-of-concept study in white-tailed deer (WTD; Odocoileus virginianus; n = 9). We orally vaccinated WTD via needle-free syringe with three formulations of the encapsulated vaccine: 1) PLL-VpB\u2013coated microcapsules with 107\u20138 spores\/ml (n = 5), 2) PLL-VpB\u2013coated microcapsules with 109\u201310 spores\/ml (n = 2), and 3) PLL-coated microcapsules with 109\u201310 spores\/ml (n = 2). Although the limited sample sizes require continued experimentation, we observed an anthrax-specific antibody response in WTD serum following oral vaccination with PLL-coated microcapsules containing 109 spores\/ ml. Furthermore, this antibody response neutralized anthrax LeTx in vitro, suggesting that continued development of this vaccine may allow for realistic wildlife anthrax vaccination programs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1638\/2023-0065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]],"date-time":"2024-03-05T06:07:10Z","timestamp":1709618830000},"page":"212-218","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["LETHAL TOXIN NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODY RESPONSE INDUCED FOLLOWING ORAL VACCINATION WITH A MICROENCAPSULATED BACILLUS ANTHRACIS STERNE STRAIN 34F2 VACCINE PROOF-OF-CONCEPT STUDY IN WHITE-TAILED DEER (ODOCOILEUS VIRGINIANUS)"],"prefix":"10.1638","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Jamie S.","family":"Benn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chase M.","family":"Nunez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Blue-McLendon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sankar P.","family":"Chaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas A.","family":"Ficht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allison C.","family":"Rice-Ficht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter E.","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1213","reference":[{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J Benn Felix, SP Chaki, TA Ficht, et al.  \"Poult Fish Wildl Sci.\"  7, \"Bacillus anthracis Sterne Strain 34F2 vaccine antibody dose response by subcutaneous and oral administration.\" 206 (2019)","DOI":"10.35248\/2375-446X.19.7.206"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JS Benn, SP Chaki, Y Xu, et al.  \"NPJ Vaccines.\"  5, \"Protective antibody response following oral vaccination with microencapsulated Bacillus anthracis Sterne strain 34F2 spores.\" 59 (2020)","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-020-0208-3"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CJ Carlson, IT Kracalik, N Ross, et al.  \"Nat Microbiol.\"  4, \"The global distribution of Bacillus anthracis and associated anthrax risk to humans, livestock and wildlife.\" 1337 (2019)","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0435-4"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MJ Peterson, DS Davis, JW Templeton,  \"J Wildl Dis.\"  29, \"An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting anthrax antibody in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus): Evaluation of anthrax vaccination and sera from free-ranging deer.\" 130 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and persistence on environmental substrates associated with wildlife anthrax outbreaks.\" e0274645 (2022)","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0274645"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S Liu, M Moayeri, SH Leppla,  \"Trends Microbiol.\"  22, \"Anthrax lethal and edema toxins in anthrax pathogenesis.\" 317 (2014)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2014.02.012"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MT McKevitt, KM Bryant, SM Shakir, et al.  \"Infect Immun.\"  75, \"Effects of endogenous d-alanine synthesis and autoinhibition of Bacillus anthracis germination on in vitro and in vivo infections.\" 5726 (2007)","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00727-07"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MN Mongoh, NW Dyer, CL Stoltenow, et al.  \"Public Health Rep.\"  123, \"Risk factors associated with anthrax outbreak in animals in North Dakota, 2005: a retrospective case-control study.\" 352 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Short,  \"J Wildl Manag.\"  35, \"Forage digestibility and diet of deer on southern upland range.\" 698 (1971)","DOI":"10.2307\/3799775"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T Storni, T Kundig, G Senti, et al.  \"Adv Drug Deliv Rev.\"  57, \"Immunity in response to particulate antigen-delivery systems.\" 333 (2005)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2004.09.008"}],"container-title":["Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T04:34:59Z","timestamp":1793421299000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-zoo-and-wildlife-medicine\/volume-55\/issue-1\/2023-0065\/LETHAL-TOXIN-NEUTRALIZING-ANTIBODY-RESPONSE-INDUCED-FOLLOWING-ORAL-VACCINATION-WITH\/10.1638\/2023-0065.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1638\/2023-0065","relation":{},"ISSN":["1042-7260","1937-2825"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1042-7260","type":"print"},{"value":"1937-2825","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]]}}}