{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:55:59Z","timestamp":1791248159244,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"American Association of Zoo Veterinarians","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This report describes Schizangiella infections in colubrid and viperid snakes. A captive eastern ratsnake (Pantherophis alleghaniensis) was presented for a large intraoral mass associated with the mandible. The mass was debulked and histologic examination revealed severe, granulomatous stomatitis with intralesional fungi exhibiting morphologic features consistent with Schizangiella serpentis. PCR and sequencing of affected tissues confirmed S. serpentis. Because of declining health, the ratsnake was euthanized and postmortem examination identified a disseminated S. serpentis infection involving the skeletal musculature, lung, kidney, mesentery, and mandible. A wild-caught timber rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus) was presented for cutaneous lesions, weakness, and lethargy and later died. Postmortem examination revealed a mass-like structure in the esophagus characterized by high numbers of Schizangiella-like fungi associated with extensive granulomatous inflammation; the snake also had cutaneous mycosis suggestive of ophidiomycosis. This is the first report to document the unique morphologic features of S. serpentis in tissues and the presentation of schizangiellosis in snakes. Schizangiellosis should be considered as a differential diagnosis for nodular lesions involving the oral cavity and\/or the gastrointestinal tract of snakes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1638\/2023-0067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]],"date-time":"2024-06-13T09:52:35Z","timestamp":1718272355000},"page":"540-546","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["SCHIZANGIELLA INFECTIONS IN AN EASTERN RATSNAKE (PANTHEROPHIS ALLEGHANIENSIS) AND A TIMBER RATTLESNAKE (CROTALUS HORRIDUS)"],"prefix":"10.1638","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Emily D.","family":"Velez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael M.","family":"Garner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elliott R.","family":"Jacobson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peres","family":"Badial","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Bonar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary L.","family":"Riggs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordan E.","family":"Adair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James F.X.","family":"Wellehan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert J.","family":"Ossiboff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1213","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"SF Altschul, TL Madden, AA Sch\u00e4ffer, et al.  \"Nucleic Acids Res.\"  \"Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs.\" (1997)","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/25.17.3389"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"J Bering, N Mafi, HR Vikram,  \"Paediatr Int Child Health.\"  \"Basidiobolomycosis: an unusual, mysterious, and emerging endemic fungal infection.\" (2018)","DOI":"10.1080\/20469047.2018.1458772"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"JE Christman, AB Alexander, KA Donnelly, et al.  \"Front Vet Sci.\"  \"Clinical manifestation and molecular characterization of a novel member of the Nannizziopsiaceae in a pulmonary granuloma from a Galapagos tortoise (Chelonoidis nigra).\" 2020","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00024"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"M Claussen  and S. Schmidt  \"J Fungi (Basel).\"  \"Differentiation of Basidiobolus spp. Isolates: RFLP of a Diagnostic PCR Amplicon Matches Sequence-Based Classification and Growth Temperature Preferences.\" 2021","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7020110"},{"key":"5","unstructured":"CG Crispens  and KR Marion  \"Lab Anim Sci.\"  25, \"Algal infection in a corn snake (Elaphe guttata guttata).\" 788 (1975)"},{"key":"6","unstructured":"JR Dwyer, B Burwell, RA Humber, et al.  \"Veterinary Pathology 43.\"  \"Schizangiella serpentis infection in a Virginia ratsnake (Elaphe obsoleta).\" 819 (2006)"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"AP Gryganskyi, RA Humber, ME Smith, et al.  \"Persoonia.\"  \"Phylogenetic lineages in Entomophthoromycota.\" (2013)","DOI":"10.3767\/003158513X666330"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"AP Gryganskyi, RA Humber, ME Smith, et al.  \"Mol Phylogenet Evol.\"  \"Molecular phylogeny of the Entomophthoromycota.\" (2012)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2012.07.026"},{"key":"9","unstructured":"RA Humber, KS Hansen, MM. Wheeler,  \"Catalog of the ARS Collection of Entomopathogenic Fungal Cultures.\"  (2011)"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"DA Jessup  and JC Seely  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  \"Zygomycete fungus infection in two captive snakes: Gopher snake (Pituophis melanoleucos); Copperhead (Agkistrondon contortrix).\" (1981)","DOI":"10.2307\/20094517"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"W Kaplan, FW Chandler, AA Padhye, et al.  \"Sabouraudia.\"  \"A zygomycotic infection in captive snakes.\" (1983)","DOI":"10.1080\/00362178385380151"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"JX Liu, BF Chai, ZM. Luo,  \"Biodiv Sci.\"  \"Driving forces and the diversity of fungal communities in complex contaminated tailings drainage.\" 2021","DOI":"10.17520\/biods.2020181"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"JM Lorch, S Knowles, JS Lankton, et al.  \"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci.\"  \"Snake fungal disease: an emerging threat to wild snakes.\" (2016)","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2015.0457"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"M Marclay, IM Langohr, FP Gaschen, et al.  \"J Vet Intern Med.\"  \"Colorectal basidiobolomycosis in a dog.\" 2020","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15859"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"MA Naranjo-Ortiz  and T Gabald\u00f3n  \"Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc.\"  \"Fungal evolution: diversity, taxonomy and phylogeny of the Fungi.\" (2019)","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12550"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"S Nie, X Lei, L Zhao, et al.  \"Appl Soil Ecol.\"  \"Fungal communities and functions response to long-term fertilization in paddy soils.\" (2018)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsoil.2018.06.008"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"MD Pezzani, VD Cristo, C Parravicini, et al.  \"Travel Med Infect Dis.\"  \"Gastrointestinal basidiobolomycosis: an emerging mycosis difficult to diagnose but curable. Case report and review of the literature.\" (2019)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2019.01.013"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"A Sanaei Dashti, A Nasimfar, H Hosseini Khorami, et al.  \"Paediatr Int Child Health.\"  \"Gastro-intestinal basidiobolomycosis in a 2-year-old boy: dramatic response to potassium iodide.\" (2018)","DOI":"10.1080\/20469047.2016.1186343"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KK Sladky, E Klaphake, N Di Girolamo, et al.  \"Carpenter's exotic animal formulary.\"  \"Reptiles.\" 150 (2023)","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-83392-9.00004-6"},{"key":"20","unstructured":"\"Zoological Information Management System: Expected test results. Timber rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus).\""},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"AM Stchigel, DA Sutton, JF Cano-Lira, et al.  \"Persoonia.\"  \"Phylogeny of chrysosporia infecting reptiles: proposal of the new family Nannizziopsiaceae and five new species.\" (2013)","DOI":"10.3767\/003158513X669698"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"HR Vikram, JD Smilack, JA Leighton, et al.  \"Clin Infect Dis.\"  \"Emergence of gastrointestinal basidiobolomycosis in the United States, with a review of worldwide cases.\" (2012)","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis250"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"R Vilela  and L Mendoza  \"Clin Microbiol Rev.\"  \"Human pathogenic entomophthorales.\" (2018)","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00014-18"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"DB Woodburn, AN Miller, MC Allender, et al.  \"J Clin Microbiol.\"  \"Emydomyces testavorans, a new genus and species of onygenalean fungus isolated from shell lesions of freshwater aquatic turtles.\" (2019)","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00628-18"}],"container-title":["Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:35:09Z","timestamp":1791246909000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-zoo-and-wildlife-medicine\/volume-55\/issue-2\/2023-0067\/SCHIZANGIELLA-INFECTIONS-IN-AN-EASTERN-RATSNAKE-PANTHEROPHIS-ALLEGHANIENSIS-AND-A\/10.1638\/2023-0067.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1638\/2023-0067","relation":{},"ISSN":["1042-7260","1937-2825"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1042-7260","type":"print"},{"value":"1937-2825","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]]}}}