{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:55:51Z","timestamp":1791248151793,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"American Association of Zoo Veterinarians","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Panamanian golden frog (PGF) (Atelopus zeteki) is a critically endangered species. The Maryland Zoo in Baltimore houses two groups of PGF originating from distinct geographic locations as an assurance colony, with the goal of upholding genetics for future release of individuals back to their native environment. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to characterize the prevalence of ocular abnormalities in these two zoo-housed populations of PGF as well as to establish normal parameters for selected diagnostic tests in these groups. Twenty-five females and 25 males were randomly selected from each group (100 PGF; 200 eyes in total) to undergo ocular examination using slit lamp biomicroscopy and direct ophthalmoscopy. Endodontic absorbent paper point test (EAPPT) and intraocular pressure (IOP) and Rose Bengal stain diagnostic tests were also performed. Reference ranges for tear production (EAPPT, 0.5\u20133 mm\/min) and IOP (14\u201326 mmHg) were calculated in the nondiseased PGF eyes (n = 160 eyes). Rose Bengal stain uptake was negative on all eyes. In total, 40 eyes of 30 PGF were found to have some form of ocular abnormality (28% of PGF, 20% of eyes). The most frequently observed ocular abnormalities were cataract (9% of PGF, 6% of eyes) and keratitis (nonlipid keratopathy; 10% of PGF, 5.5% of eyes). There was no significant difference in overall ocular abnormality prevalence between the two groups studied (P = 0.37) or between the sexes (P = 0.76). The median age of an eye with cataract and keratitis (nonlipid keratopathy) was 10.35 and 7.7 yr, respectively. Ocular abnormalities are common in these two populations of PGF. Documentation of these ocular abnormalities and establishment of diagnostic reference ranges have not previously been published and may be important for maintaining the health of this endangered species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1638\/2023-0072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]],"date-time":"2024-06-13T09:27:54Z","timestamp":1718270874000},"page":"322-329","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["PREVALENCE OF OCULAR ABNORMALITIES AND NORMAL DIAGNOSTIC PARAMETERS IN TWO GROUPS OF PANAMANIAN GOLDEN FROGS (ATELOPUS ZETEKI)"],"prefix":"10.1638","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Anthony P.","family":"Lisankis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne K.","family":"Weigt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Barrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Devon","family":"Youngclaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Brandenburger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen","family":"Bronson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1213","reference":[{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"R Eustace, A Wack, L Mangus, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  49, \"Causes of mortality in captive Panamanian golden frogs (Atelopus zeteki) at the Maryland zoo in Baltimore, 2001\u20132013.\" 324 (2018)","DOI":"10.1638\/2016-0250.1"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A Hahn, MA Gilmour, ME Payton, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  45, \"Intraocular pressure in free-ranging anuran species in Oklahoma.\" 686 (2014)","DOI":"10.1638\/2013-0208R.1"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CM Shilton, DA Smith, GJ Crawshaw, et al.  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  32, \"Corneal lipid deposition in Cuban tree frogs (Osteopilus septentrionalis) and its relationship to serum lipids: an experimental study.\" 305 (2001)","DOI":"10.1638\/1042-7260(2001)032[0305:CLDICT]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"23","unstructured":"DL Williams  and BR Whitaker  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  25, \"The amphibian eye: a clinical review.\" 18 (1994)"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K. Wright,  \"Vet Clin Exot Anim.\"  6, \"Cholesterol, corneal lipidosis, and xanthomatosis in amphibians.\" 155 (2003)","DOI":"10.1016\/S1094-9194(02)00022-1"},{"key":"1","unstructured":"SM Aquino, WC Shellabarger, M. Vasallo,  \"Proc 46th Annual Meeting of the American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists;.\"  \"Use of N-butyl cyanoacrylate adhesive for the treatment of erosive lipid keratopathy in two Panamanian golden frogs (Atelopus zeteki), abstract 002.\" E17 (2015)"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LZ. Bito,  \"Exp Eye Res.\"  39, \"Species differences in the responses of the eye to irritation and trauma: a hypothesis of divergence in ocular defense mechanisms, and the choice of experimental animals for eye research.\" 807 (1984)","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4835(84)90079-4"},{"key":"4","unstructured":"B Das, VP Chandrapuriya, A Shahi, et al.  \"Int J Recent Sci Res.\"  10, \"Cataract: the most common ocular affliction of canines in Madhya Pradesh.\" 34578 (2017)"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E Donzel, L Arti, S Chahory,  \"Vet Ophthalmol.\"  20, \"Epidemiology and clinical presentation of canine cataracts in France: a retrospective study of 404 cases.\" 131 (2017)","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12380"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A Guyonnet, E Donzel, A Bourguet, et al.  \"Vet Ophthalmol.\"  22, \"Epidemiology and clinical presentation of feline cataracts in France: a retrospective study of 268 cases.\" 116 (2019)","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12567"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H Hashemi, R Pakzad, A Yekta, et al.  \"Eye.\"  34, \"Global and regional prevalence of age-related cataract: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis.\" 1357 (2020)","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-020-0806-3"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"JC Hausmann, TJ Weaver, KS Freemann,  \"J Zoo Wildl Med.\"  50, \"Ophthalmic examination findings and intraocular pressure measurements in six species of Anura.\" 845 (2020)","DOI":"10.1638\/2019-0115"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"CB Keller  and CM Shilton  \"Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract.\"  5, \"The amphibian eye.\" 261 (2002)","DOI":"10.1016\/S1094-9194(01)00005-6"},{"key":"12","unstructured":"TJ Kern  and MH. 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Poole,  \"Panamanian golden frog husbandry manual.\"  (2006)"},{"key":"20","unstructured":"V. Poole,  \"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.\"  33, \"Project Golden Frog. Endangered species bulletin and endangered species bulletins and technical reports\" 7 (2008)"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DL. Williams,  \"Ophthalmology of exotic pets.\"  \"The amphibian eye.\" 197 (2012)","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118709627.ch11"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SA Cannizzo, GA Lewbart, HD Westermeyer,  \"Vet Ophthalmol.\"  20, \"Intraocular pressure in American bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) measured with rebound and applanation tonometry.\" 526 (2017)","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12463"}],"container-title":["Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:35:11Z","timestamp":1791246911000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bioone.org\/journals\/journal-of-zoo-and-wildlife-medicine\/volume-55\/issue-2\/2023-0072\/PREVALENCE-OF-OCULAR-ABNORMALITIES-AND-NORMAL-DIAGNOSTIC-PARAMETERS-IN-TWO\/10.1638\/2023-0072.full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1638\/2023-0072","relation":{},"ISSN":["1042-7260","1937-2825"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1042-7260","type":"print"},{"value":"1937-2825","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]]}}}